Objective By studying the variation patterns of seed vigor of different cotton varieties in different harvest areas, a theoretical basis is provided for the production of high-vigor cotton seeds.

Methods Four varieties, namely Xinluzao 61 (B1), Xinluzhong 70 (B2), Lumian 28 (B3), and Zhongmian 88 (B4), were selected as the test materials and planted in two ecological sites, 16th Regiment of the First Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (A1) and Dongying, Shandong (A2). After harvest, standard germination tests were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the effects of harvest areas and varieties on seed vigor, root traits, seedling traits, and the physiological and biochemical characteristics.

Results The seed vigor and physiological indicators of cotton seeds from A1 harvest area were significantly better than those from A2 harvest area. The average increase in vigor indicators was 17.66%～46.68%, the average decrease in electrical conductivity was 2.56%～9.53%, and the enzyme activity and storage substance content were higher than those in A2 harvest area. Among them, B3 had the highest germination potential and germination index in both areas, and the largest seedling dry weight; B4 had the best germination rate and vigor index in A2 harvest area, and the largest root volume; B1 had the highest root surface area in A1 harvest area.

Conclusion A1 harvest area is more conducive to improving the comprehensive vigor and stress resistance physiological characteristics of cotton seeds. It is recommended to prioritize the planting of B3 variety in A1 harvest area to obtain the highest seed vigor, while B4 variety is recommended in A2 harvest area to achieve better germination and vigor performance.