Abstract: 【Objective】 Research the effect of artificial aging on cotton seed vitality and chemical composition content in the hope of providing reference for the utilization of high-vigor cotton seeds. 【Methods】 The seeds of eight Gossypium hirsutum L. varieties were taken as materials, the cotton seeds were artificially aged at 40℃ and 100% RH, and six treatments from 0 to 5 days were set up to determine the seed vigor indexes, physiological and biochemical indexes, and the content of the main chemical components of the seeds after drying naturally. 【Results】 And the results showed that, with the lengthening of the time of artificial aging the seed vigor firstly rose and then decreased, and the cell membrane permeability was constantly increasing and the activity of the protective enzymes was decreasing. 【Conclusion】 Different varieties of Gossypium hirsutum L. showed different degrees of antioxidant capacity, cell membrane stability, integrity, and seed vigor in resisting the aging process. In addition, there were significant correlations between cottonseed moisture content, protein content, oil content, etc. and germination rate, vigor index, conductivity, MDA content, etc.