Abstract: 【 Objective 】To study the effects of reclamation and long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and microbial community characteristics (microbial abundance and community structure) in desert soils. 【 Methods 】Taking the long-term positioning experiment of Fukang Desert Ecological Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences as the platform, 11 management modes were selected: no fertilization (CK a), single application of chemical fertilizer (PK b, NK c, NP d, NPK e, N₂P₂ f, N₂P₂K g), chemical fertilizer with straw (NPKR h, NPKR₂ i, N₂P₂R₃ j) and chemical fertilizer with manure (NPKM k). They were compared with the adjacent native desert soil by collecting 0-20 cm soil layer samples, and then the characteristics of soil organic carbon storage and microbial community in the process of desert reclamation and the relationship between them were analyzed. 【 Results 】When reclaimed and long-term fertilized soils to adjacent desert soils were compared, reclamation and fertilization significantly increased soil organic carbon storage. In addition, the abundance of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms was substantially increased, with the following order of enhancement: fungi > bacteria > archaea. Specifically, treatments g, j, and k showed higher increases in both soil organic carbon storage and microbial abundance. 【 Conclusion 】Desert reclamation and fertilization, through reducing soil pH and salinity, increasing the input of exogenous organic matter and nutrients, have increased the storage of soil organic carbon and the abundance of microorganisms, and changed the structure of the microbial community. The positive effect of vegetation on the formation of soil organic carbon sinks in arid areas, and the importance of chemical fertilizers (especially N and P) combined with organic fertilizers for soil organic carbon storage and microbial abundance in arid regions.