Abstract: 【Objective】 To analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of Xinjiang melon germplasm resources in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for future collection, genetic improvement, and efficient utilization of melon germplasm resources. 【Methods】 182 melon germplasms were selected, and 19 pairs of primers with high polymorphism were selected from 152 pairs of SSR primers.The genetic diversity of 182 Xinjiang melon germplasms was analyzed using TP-M13-SSR molecular markers, and the cluster analysis was conducted according to Nei's genetic distance (D), and the population genetic structure was analyzed using the hybrid model cluster method of Structure software. 【Results】 The results showed that a total of 160 alleles were detected using SSR markers, with a variation range of 3-16 allele numbers (Na), an average of 8.421,1 per primer pair, and a variation range of 1.092,0-6.087,9 effective allele numbers (Ne), an average of 3.077,0; The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.011,0 to 1.000,0, with an average of 0.309,7; The expected heterozygosity (He) is 0.084,5-0.838,0, with an average of 0.599,1; The Shannon’ S Diversity Index (I) from 0.190,6 to 2.061,3, with an average of 1.239,9; The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each site from 0.081,1 to 0.815,8, with an average of 0.555,8.Most sites exhibit high polymorphism.The cluster analysis results showed that 182 melon germplasm materials were divided into two major subgroups, with subgroup I consisting of 88 melon germplasm materials and subgroup II consisting of 94 melon materials.The analysis of population genetic structure showed that when K=2, ΔK showed a significant peak, indicating that 182 melon germplasm materials were more suitable to be divided into two subgroups and there was excessive homozygosity. 【Conclusion】 The genetic diversity of Xinjiang melon germplasm resources is relatively rich, but the classification results are different from the four traditional varieties.It can be seen that Xinjiang melon germplasm resources can be divided into two major subgroups from the analysis of population structure.There are more homozygous individuals in the population, but there is some gene exchange between other heterozygous individuals, which may be due to variety improvement or germplasm innovation by breeders.