Abstract: 【Objective】 To clarify the population composition, geographical distribution, and natural reserve of the composite population resources of wild Awei mushroom in Xinjiang in the hope of providing theoretical support for the conservation, development, and utilization of wild Awei Mushroom resources. 【Methods】 The regional investigation and collection of wild Awei mushroom compound group resources in Xinjiang were carried out by adopting the method of combining general survey and sample survey. The species of isolated strains were identified by molecular biotechnology. Combined with statistical analysis, the population composition, distribution area, and quantitative change trend of wild resources in Xinjiang were clarified. 【Results】 The wild Awei mushroom composite group resources in Xinjiang are composed of Pleurotus tuoliensis and P. eryngii var. ferulae. P. tuoliensis was the dominant population, accounting for 97.23% of the total identified, and P. eryngii var. ferulae was the weak population, accounting for 2.77%. The distribution areas of the wild P. tuoliensis resources in Xinjiang included Shihezi, Tuoli, Yumin, Emin, Fuhai, Fuyun and Qinghe, and the wild P. eryngii var. ferulae resource in Xinjiang was only distributed in Tuoli, Yumin, and Emin. The natural population of wild P. tuoliensis resources had a downward trend in general, and there were great differences in distribution areas, among them, Tuoli, Shihezi and Emin had the largest decline, and only 1 or 0 plant was collected when the annual collection quantity was the lowest in the sample area. 【Conclusion】 The wild Awei mushroom composite group resources in Xinjiang are composed of Pleurotus tuoliensis and P. eryngii var. ferulae. P. tuoliensis is the dominant population. The overall natural reserves of wild Pleurotus tuoliensis and P. eryngii var. ferulae are showing a downward trend.