Abstract: 【Objective】 Find out the suitable sowing rate for dryland agricultural areas under the extreme drought conditions spring wheat in Xinjiang. 【Methods】 The single factor randomized block experiment design was adopted in this experiment, the effects of different sowing rates on dry matter accumulation, grain filling characteristics and yield of spring wheat in dryland were studied by setting four sowing rates: 150 kg/hm²(D₁),225 kg/hm²(D₂),300 kg/hm²(D₃),375 kg/hm²(D₄). 【Results】 The results showed that the dry matter accumulation per plant of wheat decreased with the increase of sowing rate, and each treatment reached the peak at the filling stage; With the increase of sowing rate, the duration of rapid increase period and slow increase period and grouting duration were significantly shortened, and the average grouting rate decreased; If the sowing rate is too large, the grouting rate and maximum grouting rate in the rapid increase period and slow increase period decrease, the time to reach the maximum grouting rate is advanced, and the grouting duration is shortened; The panicles of wheat increased with the increase of sowing rate, and the number of grains per panicle, grain weight per panicle and yield decreased with the increase of sowing rate; The highest yield of D₁ treatment was 1,659.28 kg/hm², which was significantly increased by 9.94%, 12.84% and 35.72% compared with the other three treatments. 【Conclusion】 The minimum sowing rate of wheat in this area is 150 kg/hm².