Abstract: 【Objective】 The study focusing on the change pattern of rhizospheric bacterial community structure was conducted in the hope of providing guidance.The results provided a theoretical basis for screening functional strains and prevention of continuous cropping obstacles of Hami melon. 【Methods】 The study took rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil from the three Hami melon in the hometown of melon in Wujiaqu City in Xinjiang as research object.Then the differences of soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities structure was compared and the correlation of bacterial richness and physicochemical properties was analyzed. 【Results】 The results showed that pH value significantly increased after Hami melon cultivation (P<0.05), while the soil organic matter, total phosphorus, total potassium decreased (P<0.05).Both bacterial α and β diversity indexes showed a slight decreasing trend after Hami melon cultivation, but the differences were not significant.Additionally, Hami melon cultivation evidently altered the soil bacterial community’s structure.In the study, 43 phylum, 103 classes, 271 orders, 440 families, 820 genera were obtained and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, Myxococcota, Firmicutes were predominant bacterial phyla.Hami melon cultivation led to an imbalance of the soil bacterial community structure.At the phyla level, the abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi decreased, the abundance of Firmicutes increased.The results of db-RDA showed that soil pH and TP had the most significant influence on the bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil. 【Conclusion】 Hami melon cultivation can significantly affect the soil physicochemical properties, leading to significant changes of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure.