Abstract: 【Objective】 To analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics by using TaqMan probe to establish a real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology for rapid detection of the number of Archaea in rhizosphere soil of different growth stages of cotton in Xinjiang. 【Methods】 The total DNA of cotton was amplified by 16S rRNA gene specific primers, and the gene sequence obtained by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was sequenced by MiSeq, and then the standard curve was constructed. The dynamic changes of the number of Archaea in cotton rhizosphere soil and the comparison of community abundance in different growth periods and different regions were analyzed. 【Results】 The number of soil Archaea in the rhizosphere of cotton verticillium wilt in Alar region showed a downward trend in four growth stages, the lowest was 1.11×10⁴ copies/g (FRW) in cotton boll opening stage, The number of soil Archaea in Hami, Shihezi, Tumushuke and Wusu decreased from cotton seeding stage to flower stage, and increased to the maximum at boll opening stage, among which the highest number of Archaea in Hami was 1.75×10⁶ copies / g (FRW). In Jinghe and Korla cotton rhizosphere, the number of soil Archaea fluctuated obviously, showing a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing, among which the largest appeared in the boll opening stage. Comparison of abundances of rhizosphere archaea communities in cotton found that Thermoplasmata > Unclassified_p_Thaumarchaeota > Marine_Group_I > Unclassified_k_norank_d_Archaea > Halobacteria > others. SCG was dominant in different growth stages and regions, 79.94% in bud stage and 88.84% in Hami. 【Conclusion】 The number of Archaea can be detected successfully by TaqMan probe method. At different growth stages, the number of cotton rhizosphere Archaea was relatively high, among which the number of cotton rhizosphere Archaea was the highest at the bolling stage, and the number of Hami cotton rhizosphere Archaea was the highest in different cotton planting areas. There were significant differences in the composition and abundance of soil Archaea community in cotton rhizosphere in different growth stages and regions, which indicated that the soil environment in the region was quite different.