Abstract: 【Objective】 To study the phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of "Laohan" melon in Xinjiang (soft fleshy texture) by comparing phenotypic traits, in the hope of providing the scientific basis for the evaluation, classification and variety breeding. 【Methods】 The frequency distribution, diversity analysis, variation statistics, principal component analysis and cluster detection were conducted, which studied seventeen quality characters and sixteen quantitative characters of fifty-one melon varieties (including forty-five muskmelons, six thin-skinned melons as volunteers) in Xinjiang. 【Results】 The mean diversity indexes of quality characters and quantitative characters of the tested melon varieties were 1.06 and 1.91 respectively, indicating that the fruit had richer diversity of quantitative characters. The results of principal component analysis showed that thirty-three phenotypic characters could be summarized into six principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.01%. The fifty-one muskmelon accessions were divided into three groups based on the clustering analysis by igraph software package of R language. Group Ⅰ included thin-skinned melon mainly, Group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were all muskmelons, but the fruits of group Ⅲ were larger than group Ⅱ. 【Conclusion】 Fresh fruit quantitative characters of the melon varieties had more rich genetic diversity than quality characters. The genetic diversity of"Laohan"melon variety resources in Xinjiang was relatively rich, which could be divided into two types: large fruit type and small fruit type. In addition, the diversity of quality characters such as flesh color and appearance shape was also rich, which had the full utilization value of new variety breeding and improvement.