盐地柽柳(Tamarix karelinii Bunge)的传粉生物学特征及传粉能力差异

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.07.023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究盐地柽柳(Tamarix karelinii Bunge)的传粉生物学特征及传粉能力差异。【方法】以盐地柽柳Tamarix karelinii Bunge为研究对象,设置野外定点观测,记录花部形态特征、开花动态、传粉昆虫种类及其传粉行为特征,运用离心法测得花蜜含糖量,TTC法测定花粉活力,MTT法测定柱头可授性,显微计数统计传粉昆虫的携粉量。【结果】盐地柽柳的种群花期约58 d,单花花期为3 d,在单花花期内花粉与柱头均具活性,且开花首日两者活性最高;意大利蜂Apis mellifera、稀刻淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum albescens、长尾管蚜蝇Eristalis tenax、大灰优食蚜蝇Eupeodes corollae及丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata为主要传粉昆虫,其中稀刻淡脉隧蜂的访花频率最高,意大利蜂在个体数量、单花停留时间及携粉能力方面占据绝对优势;一天中14:00~16:00花蜜的含糖量最高,该时间段与上述传粉昆虫的访花高峰相吻合。【结论】盐地柽柳具有适应于虫媒传粉的花部综合特征,其泛化的传粉系统适合膜翅目及双翅目昆虫为其传粉,其中意大利蜂的传粉能力最强。

关键词: 盐地柽柳; 传粉生物学; 传粉昆虫

Abstract:

【Objective】 Pollination biology of Tamarix karelinii Bunge(Tamaricaceae).【Methods】 Tamarix karelinii Bunge was used as the research object, and the morphological characteristics of flowers, flowering dynamics, pollinating insect species, and their pollination behaviors were recorded through field observations, the sugar content of nectar was measured by centrifugation, pollen viability was determined by the TTC method, receptivity of stigma was determined by MTT method, and the pollen carrying capacity of pollinators was counted by microscopic counting.【Results】 The population of Tamarix karelinii Bunge had a flowering period about 58 days and a single flowering period was 3 days.During the flowering period of a single flower, both pollen and stigma were active, and their activity was the highest on day of flowering.The Apis mellifera, Lasioglossum albescens, Eristalis tenax, Eupeodes corollae and the Lucilia sericata were the main pollinators, with the Lasioglossum albescens having the highest flower-visiting frequency, the Apis mellifera an absolute advantage in terms of the number of individuals, single flower stay time and pollen carrying capacity; The sugar content of nectar was the highest during 14:00-16:00 of the day, which coincided with the peak of flower visitation by pollinators as mentioned above.【Conclusion】 T.karelinii has floral syndromes adapted to insect pollination, and the generalized pollination system is suitable for Hymenoptera and Diptera insects to pollinate it, among which the pollination ability of Apis mellifera is more significant.

Key words: T.karelinii; pollination biology; pollinating insect

中图分类号:

S722

赛丽塔娜提·赛达克拜尔, 钟问, 余润泽. 盐地柽柳(Tamarix karelinii Bunge)的传粉生物学特征及传粉能力差异[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(7): 1756-1765.

Sailitanati Saidakebaier, ZHONG Wen, YU Runze. Pollination biology of Tamarix karelinii Bunge(Tamaricaceae)[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(7): 1756-1765.

图/表 11

图1 盐地柽柳的单花结构

Fig.1 Floral structure of T.karelinii

图2 盐地柽柳的开花动态 A:处于花苞期的花序;B:开花前花瓣呈腰鼓状;C:盛花期;D:花末期,花药已脱落,花柱皱缩,少数花瓣宿存;E:结种期;F:夜间花序开放状态,花瓣略闭合

Fig.2 Flowering dynamics of T.karelinii. A:inflorescence in bud stage; B:petals are girdle-shaped before flowering;C:blooming stage; D:end of flowering, anthers deciduous, style crinkled,few petals persistent; E:seeding stage; F:inflorescences open at night, petals slightly closed.

表1 盐地柽柳的单花开花时期

Tab.1 Single flower blooming stage of T.karelinii.

开花进程 Flowering process	时间 Time
开花时间 Time after blooming	07:30-11:30
花朵完全开放 Fully opened	09:30-11:00
花粉散播 Pollen dispersal	08:00-15:30
柱头活力最大 Maximum stigma vigor	08:00-09:00
花朵开始闭合 Flowers begin to close	16:00-17:30
花朵完全闭合 Flowers completely closed	19:00-20:30
单花花期持续时间 Duration of the single flowering period(h)	64

图3 盐地柽柳在开花1~3 d的花粉活力变化注:图中“*”表示P<0.05,差异显著

Fig.3 Changes in pollen viability of T.karelinii.on days 1-3 of flowering Note:"*" in the graph indicates P<0.05, a significant difference

表2 盐地柽柳在开花1~3 d的柱头可授性变化

Tab.2 Changes in stigma receptivity of T.karelinii on days of flowering

检测内容 Test content	第1 d The 1st day	第2 d The 2nd day	第3 d The 3rd day
检测柱头数 Number of the tested stigma	30	30	30
无可授性柱头数 Number of stigma with inactive stigma	0	0	13
极低可性柱头数 Number of stigma with lower receptivity	0	8	16
较强可授性柱头数 Number of stigma with higher receptivity	14	19	7
极强可授性柱头数 Number of stigma with the highest receptivity	16	3	0
具有强可授性百分比 Percentage of high receptivity(%)	100.00	73.33	23.33
柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity	+++/++	+++/++/+	+++/++/+/—

图4 套袋与自然状态下的花蜜含糖量

Fig.4 Sugar content of nectar in a bagged and natural state

图5 盐地柽柳访花昆虫类群及主要传粉昆虫个体数量占比

Fig.5 The proportion of flower-visiting insects and main pollinators in T.karelinii

图6 盐地柽柳主要传粉昆虫的传粉行为注:A:意大利蜂;B:稀刻淡脉隧蜂;C:长尾管蚜蝇;D:大灰优食蚜蝇;E:丝光绿蝇

Fig.6 Pollination behavior of main pollinators in T.karelinii Note:A: Apis mellifera; B: Lasioglossum albescens;C: Eristalis tenax; D: Eupeodes corollae; E:Lucilia sericata

图7 盐地柽柳花蜜含糖量与传粉昆虫数量的变化

Fig.7 Daily variation of nectar sugar content and main pollinator population of T.karelinii

图8 主要传粉昆虫的单花停留时间与访花频率

Fig.8 Main pollinators’ flower-visiting frequency and single flower stay time

图9 主要传粉昆虫体表不同部位携粉量

Fig.9 Pollen carrying in different body parts of main pollinators

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