游牧与定居放牧下山地草甸草地植物群落特征分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究游牧与定居放牧2种方式对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地植物群落数量特征及多样性的影响,为该区域冬季牧场合理利用提供理论依据。【方法】以天山北坡中段昌吉市阿什里哈萨克民族乡的冬季牧场为对象,在游牧与定居放牧2种处理下分别设计轻度放牧、重度放牧2个放牧强度,无放牧区(围栏打草场)作为对照,采用野外实地调查取样的方法,测定分析草地植物群落种类组成、植物重要值、地上现存量及植物多样性指数。【结果】随着放牧强度的增加,植物种类数量变化表现定居>游牧,植物群落种类组成发生了明显改变,禾本科和豆科等植物重要值下降,群落优势种逐步被杂类草及醉马草等取代;植物高度、盖度、密度和地上现存量变化表现定居>游牧,植物盖度和地上现存量在游牧与定居放牧区存在显著差异(P<0.05),2个指标差异性均在定居显示最高;Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson生态优势度指数变化表现为定居>游牧,但两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】游牧和定居放牧影响天山北坡中段山地草甸冬季牧场植物群落基本特征。与定居放牧区相比,游牧区植物高度、盖度、密度和地上现存量随着放牧强度的递增逐步降低降幅分别为23.45%、7.43%、9.42%和13.57%;植物高度、密度、盖度和地上现存量均在游牧区处于较低水平,α多样性指数均在游牧区达到最低值。定居轻度放牧下植物种类数量最多,植物多样性和生态优势度维持在较高水平。

关键词: 游牧与定居; 山地草甸草地; 放牧强度; 植物群落数量特征

Abstract:

【Objective】 The winter pasture of the mountain meadow grassland in the middle section of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains is used as the basic pasture for herders to graze. There are two grazing methods: nomadic and settled. To study the effects of nomadic and settled grazing on the quantitative characteristics and diversity of plant communities in mountain meadows and grasslands, and provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of winter pastures in the region. 【Method】 Taking the winter pasture in Ashri Kazak Nationality Township, Changji City, the middle section of the Tianshan Mountains as the object, two grazing intensities of light grazing and heavy grazing were designed under the two treatments of nomadic and settled grazing. No grazing areas (fenced pasture) was used as contrast. Using the method of field survey and sampling, the species composition of grassland plant community, plant importance value, above-ground biomass of plants and plant diversity index are measured and analyzed. 【Result】 With the increase of grazing intensity, the number of plant species changes as settled > nomadic, the composition of plant communities has changed significantly, the important values of grasses and legumes have declined, and the dominant species of the community have gradually been replaced by weeds and Achnatherum inebrians; Changes in plant height, coverage, density, and above-ground biomass of plants are represented by settled > nomadic. There are significant differences in plant coverage and above-ground stock between nomadic and settled grazing areas (P<0.05), and the difference between the two indicators is highest in settled; The Margalef index, Pielou index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index showed settled > nomadic, but the difference between the two was not significant (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Nomadic and settled grazing affect the basic characteristics of plant communities in winter pastures of mountain meadows in the middle of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains. Compared with the settled grazing area, the plant height, coverage, density and above-ground biomass of plants of the nomadic area gradually decreased with the increase of grazing intensity by 23.45%, 7.43%, 9.42% and 13.57%. The plant height, density, and coverage are at a low level in the nomadic areas, and the α diversity index reaches the lowest value in the nomadic. There are the largest number of plant species under settled light grazing, and the plant diversity and ecological dominance are maintained at a high level.

Key words: nomadic and settled; mountain meadow grassland; grazing intensity; quantitative characteristics of plant communities

中图分类号:

S812

吕文钧, 吐尔逊娜依·热依木, 雪热提江·麦提努日, 张青青. 游牧与定居放牧下山地草甸草地植物群落特征分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(1): 231-241.

LÜ Wenjun, Tuerxunnayi Reyimu, Xueretijiang Maitinuri, ZHANG Qingqing. Analysis on the Characteristics of Plant Communities in Mountain Meadow Grassland under Nomadic and Settled Grazing[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(1): 231-241.

图/表 5

参考文献 31

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放牧方式 Grazing method	放牧强度 Grazing intensity	优势种组成 Dominant species	盖度 Coverage(%)	地上现存量 Aboveground present biomass(g/m²)
游牧 Nomadic	围栏打草场	野韭菜、细果苔草、溚草	92±3.38	181.28±20.85
	轻度放牧	细果苔草、委陵菜、草原糙苏	80±2.51	156.06±16.67
	重度放牧	细果苔草、醉马草、针茅	58±1.29	131.68±10.61
定居 Settle	围栏打草场	细果苔草、草原糙苏、委陵菜	95±3.22	188.71±17.65
	轻度放牧	细果苔草、针茅、草原糙苏	84±3.03	165.18±15.32
	重度放牧	醉马草、细果苔草、大籽蒿	71±2.06	142.55±13.20

放牧方式 Grazing method	放牧强度 Grazing intensity	优势种组成 Dominant species	盖度 Coverage(%)	地上现存量 Aboveground present biomass(g/m²)
游牧 Nomadic	围栏打草场	野韭菜、细果苔草、溚草	92±3.38	181.28±20.85
	轻度放牧	细果苔草、委陵菜、草原糙苏	80±2.51	156.06±16.67
	重度放牧	细果苔草、醉马草、针茅	58±1.29	131.68±10.61
定居 Settle	围栏打草场	细果苔草、草原糙苏、委陵菜	95±3.22	188.71±17.65
	轻度放牧	细果苔草、针茅、草原糙苏	84±3.03	165.18±15.32
	重度放牧	醉马草、细果苔草、大籽蒿	71±2.06	142.55±13.20

科属组成 Specie composition	物种 Species					重要值 Important value
						游牧 Nomadic Grazing												定居放牧 Settle Grazing
						CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧				CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧
禾本科 Poaceae	针茅 Stipa capillata					7.20				5.28				8.29				-				6.64				7.15
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis					-				1.19				-				5.09				1.09				-
	无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis					-				1.61				-				-				0.31				-
	溚草 Koeleria cristata					8.29				8.17				7.02				6.66				4.92				0.94
	醉马草 Achnatherum inebrians					1.45				-				25.25				-				-				26.18
	偃麦草 Elytrigia repens					1.04				-				-				-				-				-
	羊茅 Festuca ovina					-				-				1.43				-				-				2.58
	梯牧草 Phleum pratense					-				-				-				-				1.22				-
菊科 Compositae	蓍 Achillea millefolium					-				3.15				-				-				4.84				4.06
	火绒草 Leontopodium leontopodioides					-				-				0.37				0.43				4.44				-
	大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana					4.35				6.66				6.08				-				1.93				7.27
	铁杆蒿 Artemisia gmelinii					1.63				5.11				-				1.89				3.76				3.11
	高山紫菀 Aster alpinus					-				0.70				-				1.43				1.38				-
	阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus					2.02				6.02				4.10				1.72				2.11				-
	蓝刺头 Echinops sphaerocephalus					-				0.20				-				-				-				-
	天山蓟 Cirsium alberti					-				-				0.23				-				-				0.40
蔷薇科 Rubiaceae	多叶委陵菜 Potentilla polyphylla					-				0.69				-				10.15				-				-
	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida					5.92				9.48				7.98				-				6.24				6.69
	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca					0.44				-				-				5.60				-				-
	大萼委陵菜 Potentilla conferta					-				-				-				4.46				-				-
	野草莓 Fragaria vesca					-				-				-				-				2.76				-
唇形科 Labiaceae	草原糙苏 Phlomis pratensis					7.72				8.41				-				12.28				8.33				-
唇形科 Labiaceae	薄荷 Mentha canadensis					-				-				-				-				4.16				-
莎草科 Cyperaceae	细果苔草 Carex stenocarpa					10.39				18.25				24.60				21.62				15.66				23.75
豆科 Fabaceae	高山黄芪 Astragalus alpinus					6.56				8.31				3.60				5.00				5.88				5.81
	顿河红豆草 Onobrychis tanaitica					1.24				-				-				-				2.90				-
	紫花苜蓿 Medicago sativa					-				-				2.15				-				0.35				-
	白车轴草 Trifolium repens					0.63				0.60				-				-				-				-
牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae	草地老鹳草 Geranium pratense			5.43				5.84				-				0.47				4.71				-
毛莨科 Ranunculaceae	箭头唐松草 Thalictrum simplex					7.03				3.14				-				0.57				1.00				-
毛莨科 Ranunculaceae	毛莨 Ranunculus japonicus					-				-				-				-				0.56				-
车前科 Plantaginaceae	平车前 Plantago depressa					0.18				0.60				-				4.92				0.28				-
车前科 Plantaginaceae	大车前 Plantago major					3.76				-				-				-				-				-
百合科Liliaceae	野韭菜 Allium sp.					22.29				3.80				1.27				-				3.83				2.38
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	藜 Chenopodium album					-				-				0.80				-				-				3.74
紫草科 Boraginaceae	勿忘草 Myosotis alpestris					-				0.79				-				5.10				-				-
	小果鹤虱 Lappula microcarpa					1.61				5.58				5.33				-				5.94				5.72
科属组成 Specie composition		物种 Species			重要值 Important value
					游牧 Nomadic Grazing												定居放牧 Settle Grazing
					CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧				CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧
旋花科Convolvulaceae		田旋花 Convolvulus arvensis	-				-				1.67				-				-				-
报春花科Primulaceae		点地梅 Androsace sp.	-				-				-				4.89				2.04				0.45
十字花科Brassicaceae		天山葶苈 Draba melanopus	-				-				-				2.02				1.33				-
玄参科Scrophulariaceae		婆婆纳 Veronica polita	-				-				-				0.67				-				-
伞形科Umbelliferae		野胡萝卜 Daucus carota	-				-				-				-				1.35				-

科属组成 Specie composition	物种 Species					重要值 Important value
						游牧 Nomadic Grazing												定居放牧 Settle Grazing
						CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧				CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧
禾本科 Poaceae	针茅 Stipa capillata					7.20				5.28				8.29				-				6.64				7.15
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis					-				1.19				-				5.09				1.09				-
	无芒雀麦 Bromus inermis					-				1.61				-				-				0.31				-
	溚草 Koeleria cristata					8.29				8.17				7.02				6.66				4.92				0.94
	醉马草 Achnatherum inebrians					1.45				-				25.25				-				-				26.18
	偃麦草 Elytrigia repens					1.04				-				-				-				-				-
	羊茅 Festuca ovina					-				-				1.43				-				-				2.58
	梯牧草 Phleum pratense					-				-				-				-				1.22				-
菊科 Compositae	蓍 Achillea millefolium					-				3.15				-				-				4.84				4.06
	火绒草 Leontopodium leontopodioides					-				-				0.37				0.43				4.44				-
	大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana					4.35				6.66				6.08				-				1.93				7.27
	铁杆蒿 Artemisia gmelinii					1.63				5.11				-				1.89				3.76				3.11
	高山紫菀 Aster alpinus					-				0.70				-				1.43				1.38				-
	阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus					2.02				6.02				4.10				1.72				2.11				-
	蓝刺头 Echinops sphaerocephalus					-				0.20				-				-				-				-
	天山蓟 Cirsium alberti					-				-				0.23				-				-				0.40
蔷薇科 Rubiaceae	多叶委陵菜 Potentilla polyphylla					-				0.69				-				10.15				-				-
	多裂委陵菜 Potentilla multifida					5.92				9.48				7.98				-				6.24				6.69
	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca					0.44				-				-				5.60				-				-
	大萼委陵菜 Potentilla conferta					-				-				-				4.46				-				-
	野草莓 Fragaria vesca					-				-				-				-				2.76				-
唇形科 Labiaceae	草原糙苏 Phlomis pratensis					7.72				8.41				-				12.28				8.33				-
唇形科 Labiaceae	薄荷 Mentha canadensis					-				-				-				-				4.16				-
莎草科 Cyperaceae	细果苔草 Carex stenocarpa					10.39				18.25				24.60				21.62				15.66				23.75
豆科 Fabaceae	高山黄芪 Astragalus alpinus					6.56				8.31				3.60				5.00				5.88				5.81
	顿河红豆草 Onobrychis tanaitica					1.24				-				-				-				2.90				-
	紫花苜蓿 Medicago sativa					-				-				2.15				-				0.35				-
	白车轴草 Trifolium repens					0.63				0.60				-				-				-				-
牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae	草地老鹳草 Geranium pratense			5.43				5.84				-				0.47				4.71				-
毛莨科 Ranunculaceae	箭头唐松草 Thalictrum simplex					7.03				3.14				-				0.57				1.00				-
毛莨科 Ranunculaceae	毛莨 Ranunculus japonicus					-				-				-				-				0.56				-
车前科 Plantaginaceae	平车前 Plantago depressa					0.18				0.60				-				4.92				0.28				-
车前科 Plantaginaceae	大车前 Plantago major					3.76				-				-				-				-				-
百合科Liliaceae	野韭菜 Allium sp.					22.29				3.80				1.27				-				3.83				2.38
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	藜 Chenopodium album					-				-				0.80				-				-				3.74
紫草科 Boraginaceae	勿忘草 Myosotis alpestris					-				0.79				-				5.10				-				-
	小果鹤虱 Lappula microcarpa					1.61				5.58				5.33				-				5.94				5.72
科属组成 Specie composition		物种 Species			重要值 Important value
					游牧 Nomadic Grazing												定居放牧 Settle Grazing
					CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧				CK				轻度放牧				重度放牧
旋花科Convolvulaceae		田旋花 Convolvulus arvensis	-				-				1.67				-				-				-
报春花科Primulaceae		点地梅 Androsace sp.	-				-				-				4.89				2.04				0.45
十字花科Brassicaceae		天山葶苈 Draba melanopus	-				-				-				2.02				1.33				-
玄参科Scrophulariaceae		婆婆纳 Veronica polita	-				-				-				0.67				-				-
伞形科Umbelliferae		野胡萝卜 Daucus carota	-				-				-				-				1.35				-

指标 Parameter	丰富度指数 Margalef index	多样性指数 Shannon- Wiener index	均匀度指数 Pielou index	优势度指数 Simpson index	高度 Height	盖度 Coverage	密度 Density	地上现存量 Above present biomass
Margalef index	1.000 (1.000)
Shannon-Wiener	0.261^ (0.495^)	1.000 (1.000)
Pielou index	0.520^ (0.663^)	0.745^ (0.819^)	1.000 (1.000)
Simpson index	-0.155 (0.015)	0.578^ (0.536^)	0.325^ (0.351^)	1.000 (1.000)
Height	-0.511^** (0.073)	-0.100 (-0.121)	-0.295^* (-0.057)	0.187 (-0.141)	1.000 (1.000)
Coverage	0.610^ (0.527^)	0.171 (0.400^**)	0.417^ (0.417^)	-0.225 (0.087)	-0.690^** (0.009)	1.000 (1.00)
Density	0.148 (0.195)	0.097 (0.131)	0.159 (0.230^*)	-0.070 (-0.061)	-0.273^* (0.063)	0.277^ (0.317^)	1.000 (1.000)
Above present biomass	-0.088 (0.549^**)	0.109 (0.368^**)	0.041 (0.464^**)	0.205 (0.021)	0.138 (0.248^*)	-0.080 (0.529^*)	-0.126 (0.291^*)	1.000 (1.000)