【目的】研究棉花SPAD值推荐施氮模型应用与修正,为棉花SPAD法推荐施肥模型在田间应用的准确性、普适性及合理性提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间小区试验,设3个处理:按照棉花生育时期测定SPAD值推荐施氮(N₁);按照棉花叶龄测定SPAD值推荐施氮(N₂);按当地高产模式推荐施氮(N₃);对比SPAD值、产量构成指标等数据变化特征,修正SPAD值推荐施氮模型。【结果】N₁处理与SPAD值关系式为y=0.090 3x+46.618, R²=0.855;N₂处理与SPAD值关系式为y=0.108 6x+48.666,R²=0.765,N₁处理的追氮量与SPAD值的相关性要高于N₂处理;M₁推荐的N₁处理追氮量与M₂推荐的N₂处理追氮量对产量的影响差异不显著;N₁的追氮量417.45 kg/hm²高于当地高产的追氮量,N₂的285.40 kg/hm²低于当地高产的追氮量,但是N₁和N₂的产量均明显低于当地高产产量;在棉花各个生育时期,N₁与N₂的追肥量与棉花需肥量趋势基本一致,但是各时期N₁的追肥量高于N₂的追肥量。【结论】棉花SPAD值推荐施氮模型具有科学性、可应用性,但在土壤、气候、管理模式变化时需要对模型参数进行修正,才能达到SPAD值与施氮量的最大相关性。修正SPAD值推荐施氮模型时可以利用原有模型的推荐施肥量、当地多年高产施肥量,通过反推快速得到当年就能使用的新推荐施肥公式。

<b>【Objective】</b> The purpose of the thesis is to provide scientific basis for the accuracy, universality and rationality of applying cotton SPAD method recommended fertilization model.<b>【Methods】</b> This thesis establishes three treatments through field plot experiment: Determine recommended nitrogen application (N₁) based on the SPAD value of cotton growth period; Determine recommended nitrogen application (N₂) in line with the SPAD value of cotton leaf age (N₂); Carry out recommended nitrogen application (N₃) by following the local high yield model.The recommended nitrogen application model of SPAD value is modified through observing and comparing the variation features of SPAD value, yield composition index and so on.<b>【Results】</b> It is <i>y=0.090,3x+46.618, R²</i>=0.855 for the correlation between N₁ treatment and SPAD value; and is <i>y=0.108,6x+48.666, R²</i>=0.765 for the correlation between N₂ treatment and SPAD value, in which the correlation between nitrogen recovery and SPAD value of N₁ treatment was higher than that of N₂ treatment. No significant difference in the effect of nitrogen recovery amount on yield between the treatment of N₁ recommended by M₁ and the treatment of N₂ recommended by M₂; The nitrogen recovery amount 417.45 kg/hm² of of N₁ is higher than local high-yield nitrogen recovery amount, and the 285.40 kg/hm² of N₂ is lower than the local high-yield nitrogen recovery amount, while the yield of N₁ and N₂ is obviously lower than that of local high yield. During each growth period of cotton, the trend of topdressing of N₁ and N₂ is basically consistent with that of cotton, while the topdressing of N₁ is higher than that of N₂ in each period.<b>【Conclusion】</b> It is scientific and applicable for the recommended nitrogen application model of cotton SPAD value, while it needs to modify the model parameters at the change of soil, climate and management mod to reach the maximum correlation between SPAD value and nitrogen application amount. It is able to quickly obtain the new formula of recommended fertilization that can be used in the current year by reverse deduction when modifying recommended nitrogen application model of SPAD value though the use of the recommended fertilization amount of the original model and the local high yield fertilization amount with many years.

Cotton is a pillar industry in Xinjiang and has an important strategic position for Chinas economic development, which directly related to the implementation of Xinjiangs rural revitalization strategy and the enthusiasm of cotton farmers. In recent years, the large-scale popularization and application of machine-picked cotton has greatly improved the efficiency of picking cotton and alleviated the problem of labor shortage, but the profit of cotton farmers has not increased due to the price of cotton hovering at a low level. By reviewing the development process of Xinjiang machine-picked cotton, the development status of Xinjiang machine-picked cotton was briefly described, and the problems and development suggestions of Xinjiang machine-picked cotton development were put forward. It should aim to provide solutions for the development of Xinjiangs machine-picked cotton industry and promote Xinjiang sustainable development of the cotton industry.

新疆是我国最大的产棉基地, 研究新疆棉花种植业地理集聚特征对调整和优化农业结构布局、农民增收、促进棉花生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于1988—2016年的新疆棉花生产数据, 使用区位商、区位基尼系数和空间自相关分析探究新疆棉花种植业发展的时空变化特征, 并运用空间面板数据模型定性、定量地分析了各影响因素对新疆棉花种植业地理集聚的影响程度, 揭示了新疆棉花种植业发展的主要驱动因素。结果表明, 新疆棉花种植面积经历了持续增长(1988—1999年)、缓慢减少(2000—2004年)以及波动增长(2005—2016年) 3个阶段, 2016年已占全国种植面积的3/5, 其专业化集聚水平自1992年起均高于全国其他地区, 主导地位日益增强; 新疆棉花种植业的区域特征明显, 南疆棉区的变化主导新疆棉花种植业的变化; 新疆棉花种植业的集聚水平自1988年起呈现出波动中下降后缓慢回升的趋势, 其高值集聚区由喀什地区转移至阿克苏地区的库车县、新和县等地, 高-低集聚、低-高集聚及低低集聚变化不大; 推动新疆棉花种植业地理集聚发展的主要因素有生产性土地面积比重、棉花比较收益、机械化水平以及政策因素。

Xinjiang is the largest cotton production base in China. The study on the geographical agglomeration characteristics of cotton planting in Xinjiang is of great significance in adjusting and optimizing the agricultural structure distribution of cotton production, increasing farmers’ income, and promoting the sustainable development of cotton. Based on the cotton production data of Xinjiang from 1988 to 2016, we explored the spatial-temporal change characteristics of cotton plantation by Location quotient, Gini coefficient, and spatial autocorrelation analysis, qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed various influence factors on the geographical agglomeration of cotton plantation by spatial panel data model, and revealed the main driving force of cotton planting industry in Xinjiang. The cotton planting area in Xinjiang experienced three stages, including continuous growth (1988-1999), slow decrease (2000-2004) and fluctuating growth (2005-2016). In 2016, the cotton planting area accounted for nearly 3/5 of the total area in China, and its professional agglomeration level was higher than that of other regions in China, with the increasingly strengthened leading position since 1992. The regional characteristics of cotton planting industry in Xinjiang were obvious. The change of cotton area in southern Xinjiang dominated the change of cotton plantation in Xinjiang. The agglomeration level of cotton plantation in Xinjiang showed a trend of slow recovery after a decline in fluctuation since 1988. The high aggregation (H-H) area transferred from Kashgar area to Kuqa and Xinhe in Aksu area, at the same time, the changes of high-low cluster, low-high cluster and low-low cluster were not significant. The main factors promoting the geographical agglomeration of cotton planting in Xinjiang included the proportion of productive land area, cotton comparative income, mechanization level and policy factors.

推进化肥减施增效是实现中国农业绿色高质量发展的关键途径。本文以新疆棉花为例,基于2000&#x02014;2020年棉花化肥施用量及技术、资本、劳动力投入时序数据,构建生产函数考察了新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度变化及其对棉花单产提升的贡献作用,并利用2015&#x02014;2020年不同植棉区化肥和生物肥料施肥区的微观定位调查数据,采用熵权法构建肥料应用效益评价指标体系,对两种肥料的综合效益做出总体评判,并对经济效益（棉花产量、黄萎病害发生率）和生态效益（土壤有机质、微生物数量）及两种肥料施用成本进行具体比较,探讨了生物肥替代化肥的可行性及其实现机制。研究表明：① 2000&#x02014;2020年间新疆棉花单位面积化肥施用强度呈不断上升态势,高于同期国内大部分植棉省份,自2016年起趋于减缓和平稳,施肥量浮动在585 kgN/hm²左右。② 2000&#x02014;2010年随着单位面积化肥施用强度的增加,对棉花单产增加呈正向促进作用;而2010&#x02014;2020年,单位面积化肥施用强度增加对棉花单产提高的贡献率为-21.29%,表明持续增加化肥用量对棉花单产提高已呈现负效应。③ 生物肥料施肥区生态效益优势更突出,但经济效益低于化肥区,两种肥料的综合效益随使用年限增加差距趋于缩小;较化肥组,研究期内不同植棉区生物肥组棉花单产降低3%~8%,黄萎病害发病率降幅27.75%~58.20%,土壤有机质含量提高了14.59%~28.54%,土壤微生物数量显著增加;生物肥单位施用成本高于化肥14%~19%。根据生物肥生态属性及作用机理,结合农户经济理性及传统的化肥依赖,建议在生物肥推广初期,实行一定的政策激励或生态补偿,同时积极引导和培育农户亲环境意识,农业化肥逐步减量及生物肥替代具有理论与实践可行性。

Reducing chemical fertilizer and increasing biofertilizer are important ways to achieve green agricultural development in China. This paper used production function to investigate the evolution of cotton chemical fertilizer application intensity and its effect on cotton yield per unit area in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. Based on the survey data from 2015 to 2020, an evaluation index system was constructed using entropy weight method to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of two types of fertilizers. Furthermore, the feasibility and realization mechanism of using biofertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer were discussed. The results showed that: (1) The total amount of chemical fertilizer per unit area of cotton in Xinjiang increased continuously, and it was higher than the level in most provinces. Since 2016, the amount of cotton fertilizer in Xinjiang tended to slow down and stabilize, and the amount of cotton fertilizer fluctuated around 585 kg N/hm2. (2) From 2000 to 2010, the increase of fertilizer application per unit area positively promoted the increase cotton yield per unit area. While the contribution rate of increasing fertilizer application per unit area to the increase of cotton yield per unit area was -21.29% from 2010 to 2020, indicating that a continuous increase of chemical fertilizer had a negative effect on the increase of cotton yield per unit area. (3) The ecological benefits of the biofertilizer were more prominent, but the economic benefits of the biofertilizer fertilization area were slightly lower than that of the chemical fertilizer area, and the comprehensive benefits of the two fertilizers tended to narrow down with the increase of use years. The average yield per unit area of cotton in the biofertilizer group was 3%-8% lower than that in the chemical fertilizer group, but the incidence of verticillium wilt was significantly reduced in the biofertilizer group and the average decrease in different cotton planting areas was 27.75%-58.20%, soil organic matter content increased by 14.59%-28.54%, and soil microbial quantity increased significantly. The fertilizer cost per acre of biofertilizer was 14%-19% higher than that of chemical fertilizer. The characteristics of biofertilizer require some incentive or ecological compensation policies to guide and raise farmers' environmental awareness at the beginning of the promotion of biofertilizer. It is feasible to reduce the amount of agricultural chemical fertilizer and gradually replace agricultural chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer.

目的 谷子营养丰富、生育期短、抗旱耐瘠,谷子种植对优化干旱半干旱地区农业种植结构和促进农民增收具有重要作用。分析我国谷子生产时空变化特征与区域优势,以期为优化谷子布局和促进谷子生产发展提供建议与理论依据。方法 基于1985—2015年谷子各省、县域生产统计数据,采用产量贡献率、重心迁移、比较优势指数等指标,分析了我国谷子生产时空变化规律。结果 30年间全国谷子播种面积由3.318×10 ⁶hm ²减少至7.88×10 ⁵hm ²后回升至8.39×10 ⁵hm ²,单产由1 801.2 kg·hm ^-2提高至2 342.9 kg·hm ^-2,总产量变化中面积贡献率为80.3%,单产贡献率为18.4%,且单产贡献率逐渐增加。全国谷子生产重心年际间变化较小,优势产区稳定在东北地区中西部、黄淮海平原中北部和北部中低高原区东南部,具体集中在内蒙东部、东北三省与内蒙接壤的县域、河北大部、河南西北部、山东中部、山西大部、陕西北部、甘肃东部及宁夏中部。30年间黄淮海平原区、东北地区与西北部分县域单产增加但播种面积大量减少,使该区域表现为单产优势与面积劣势,2000年后北部中低高原区的吉林通榆、内蒙敖汉旗与山西部分县域的播种面积回升。播种面积较大而单产劣势的县域集中在黄土高原地区的陕西和山西中北部部分县域。结论 30年来全国谷子播种面积先减后增,生产集中程度不断增大,优势产区趋于稳定,单产逐步提升。黄淮海地区被夏玉米替代的夏谷较难恢复,东北地区中西部、北方农牧交错区及太行山沿线区谷子生产具有恢复潜力。谷子育种、栽培技术与生产加工机械的进步,对谷子生产提质增效与实现产业化发展至关重要。

【Objective】 Foxtail millet (Setariaitalica (L.) P. Beauv.) is rich in nutrition, has a short growth period, and is resistant to drought and barren. Planting foxtail millet plays an important role in optimizing the agricultural planting structure and promoting farmers’ income in arid and semi-arid areas. It was of great significance for the sustainable development of foxtail millet production to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and regional advantages of foxtail millet production in China. 【Method】 Based on the provincial and county production statistics of foxtail millet from 1985 to 2015, the spatial and temporal variation rules of foxtail millet production in China were analyzed by using the yield contribution rate, center of gravity migration, comparative advantage index and other indicators.【Result】 In the last thirty years, the sown area of foxtail millet in China decreased from 3.318×10 6hm 2 to 7.88×10 5 hm 2 and then recovered to 8.39×10 5hm 2. The yield increased from 1 801.2 kg·hm -2 to 2 342.9 kg·hm -2. The area contribution rate of total production change was 80.3%, the yield contribution rate was 18.4%, and the yield contribution rate gradually increased. The center of foxtail millet production in China varied little in recent 30 years. The advantageous production areas were stable in the midwest part of northeast China, the north-central part of the North China Plain and the southeastern part of the middle-low plateau area in the north, which were concentrated in the counties bordering Inner Mongolia and the three provinces in northeast China, most of Hebei, northwest Henan, central Shandong, most of Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, eastern Gansu and central Ningxia. In the last thirty years, the yield increased in the North China Plain, the northeast plain and some counties in the northwest area, but the sown area decreased significantly, which made these regions show efficiency advantage and scale disadvantage. After 2000, the sown area of Jilin Tongyu, Inner Mongolia Aohan banner and some counties in Shanxi province in the middle and low plateau area in the north were recovered. The counties with scale advantage and efficiency disadvantage were concentrated in Shaanxi and parts of north-central Shanxi in Loess Plateau area.【Conclusion】 In the past 30 years, the sown area of millet decreased first and then increased, the concentration of foxtail millet production in China had been increasing, the advantageous production areas tended to be stable, and the yield had been gradually increased. The summer foxtail millet replaced by summer corn in North China Plain was difficult to recover, and the foxtail millet production in the midwest regions of northeast China, the northern agro-pastoral interleaving areas and the areas along Taihang mountain had the potential to recover. The progress of foxtail millet breeding, cultivation technology and production processing machinery were very important for improving the quality and efficiency of foxtail millet production and realizing industrialization development.

Rice's spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environmental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-economic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale - it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice production is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.

基于1950—2015年中国棉花生产分布数据,综合运用时序变化趋势、空间分析等方法,分析中国棉花产量、面积及单产的时空分布特征和重心迁移轨迹,在此基础上量化面积和单产对棉花产量变化的贡献度。结果表明:① 1950—2015年间,中国棉花产量和单产总体呈上升趋势,产量增加521.44万t,单产增加1381.83 kg/hm²,面积经历剧烈波动、平稳发展及3次起落5个时期后,与1950年基本持平;② 棉花产量和面积区域性差距较大,但总体呈增加趋势,单产变化趋势稳定,其中西北内陆棉区棉花生产年际波动最大;③ 1950—2015年中国棉花种植区域中近87%的地区产量增加,约63%的地区棉花面积减少,70%以上地区棉花单产增加。三大棉区产量和单产增加,但增长速率不断减小,西北内陆棉区缩减幅度最小,亦是中国棉花面积增长的主力棉区;④ 中国棉花生产形成“东南—西北”的格局,主产区由黄河流域棉区转为西北内陆棉区;棉花产量和面积重心均向西北方向移动,总移动距离分别为1947 km、1398 km,2010—2015年移动速度最大,分别达到159 km/a、140 km/a;西北内陆棉区生产重心由和田迁至阿克苏,长江流域棉区由六安迁至黄冈,黄河流域棉区则由邯郸迁至聊城;⑤ 全国棉花产量贡献由单产主导逐渐转变为面积主导,从棉区来看,长江和黄河流域棉区亦由单产主导逐渐转变为面积主导,西北内陆棉区则一直为面积主导。

Based on the distribution data of cotton production in China from 1950 to 2015, the study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes and gravity center migration path in cotton production, area and yield in China by methods of time-series trend and spatial analysis. Then, contribution rates of cotton area and yield to the changes of cotton production are quantified. The results indicate that: (1) China's cotton production and yield showed an overall upward trend over the past 65 years. Among them, the production increased by 521.44×104 t and the yield increased by 1381.83 kg/hm2. After five periods of violent fluctuations, stable development, and three ups and downs, the cotton area was basically the same compared with the year 1950. (2) There was a large regional gap between cotton yield and cotton area, but the overall trend was increasing. The variation trend of cotton yield per unit area was stable, among which the annual fluctuation of cotton production in the inland cotton area of northwest China was the largest. (3) From 1950 to 2015, nearly 87% of China's cotton-growing regions increased their production, about 63% of the regions decreased cotton area, and more than 70% of the regions increased cotton yield. The production and yield of the three major cotton areas have increased, but the growth rate has been decreasing. The northwest inland cotton area had the smallest shrinkage, and it was also the main area for China's cotton area growth. (4) China's cotton production has formed a "southeast-northwest" pattern. The main production area has changed from the Yellow River basin to the northwest inland; the cotton production and area center of gravity have moved to the northwest, with a total moving distance of 1947 km and 1398 km, respectively. From 2010 to 2015, the moving speed was the highest, reaching 140 km/a and 159 km/a, respectively; the production center of cotton in the northwest inland area moved from Hotan to Aksu. The basin cotton area was moved from Lu'an to Huanggang, and the Yellow River basin cotton area was moved from Handan to Liaocheng. (5) The contribution of national cotton production has gradually changed from yield dominance to area dominance. From the perspective of cotton regions, cotton areas in the Yangtze and Yellow river basins have gradually changed from yield dominance to area dominance, and the northwest inland cotton areas have been driven by area.

新疆棉花种植业发展迅速,已成为新疆国民经济的支柱产业之一,是农民增收的重要途径。对新中国成立以来新疆棉花种植业的调查数据进行统计分析,探究其时序演变规律和空间分布特点,并运用灰色系统关联分析和计量经济学的分析方法,构建棉花种植面积和其影响因素的交互作用关联度模型,定性与定量相结合揭示新疆棉花种植业发展的主要驱动力。研究结果表明:①自1949年以来,新疆棉花种植面积不断扩大,且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,三大棉区即南疆棉区,北疆棉区,东疆棉区变化特点各异,其中南疆棉区起主导作用。按绿洲划分,以塔里木盆地绿洲棉区和西北沿边绿洲棉区变化明显。②棉花种植面积与各影响因素间的关联度都较强,其中,棉花种植面积与棉花单产的关联度最强;进一步建立作用关系模型,得出其弹性为0.883。③运用以上关联分析结果,将南疆棉区划分为最宜棉区、适宜棉区、不宜棉区3种区域,其中适宜棉区占50%以上,表明目前南疆棉花种植业发展基本合理,但处于不宜棉区的部分县市应该减少棉花种植或退棉,进一步优化农业种植结构。

<FONT face=Verdana>Xinjiang is the biggest cotton planting province in China. The cotton industry has a irreplaceable position in the development of rural economy and regional economy in Xinjiang. Through statistical analysis, the spatio-temporal distribution, main driving factors of cotton plantation dynamic are researched. The cotton plantation area has been increasing quickly since 1949 in Xinjiang, and its variation existed fluctuation and could be divided into several phases. There are three main cotton plantation area in Xinjiang: the South Xinjiang cotton plantation area, the North Xinjiang cotton plantation area, and the East Xinjiang cotton plantation area. The change of the South Xinjiang cotton plantation area was the most obvious. In relation with oasis distribution, the cotton plantation area in the oasis of the Tarim River Basin and the northwest border oasis belt changed obviously. Grey correlation analysis showed the yield per cotton plantation unit area had the most close correlation with cotton plantation area, and the function relationship model showed that the elasticity coefficient is 0.883. According to the associative degree and economic development, the 39 cities and counties in South Xinjiang can be clustered into three types suitable for cotton plantation, namely the most suitable area, suitable area and unsuitable area. The suitable area reaches 50%, and it shows that the development degree of cotton plantation in South Xinjing is suitable at present.</FONT>

新疆棉区通过多年研究和实践,于1994年前后形成基于合理密植、植株矮化、早发早熟的棉花“矮、密、早”栽培模式。该模式以促早发早熟为主攻目标,充分利用地膜覆盖、膜下滴灌、化学调控,以及机械化、信息化等技术手段,并与配套棉花品种结合,通过密植矮化促早管理,促进生长发育与光能利用同步,协调个体与群体矛盾;用群体效应增源、扩库,提高有效光合面积和光合生产能力;克服了春季低温、秋季降温快等不利环境影响。“矮、密、早”栽培模式实现了棉花早发早熟、高产优质,使新疆皮棉产量由1981年的511.5 kg·hm^-2提高到1994年的1 200.0 kg·hm^-2,并于2019年达到1 966.5 kg·hm^-2,年均增产7.2%以上,为中国和世界探寻高产栽培模式提供了典范。本文对“矮、密、早”栽培模式演进过程作了回顾,重点论述了该模式的技术内容和高产机理,并对该模式的发展作了展望,以期为今后棉花栽培模式的不断创新提供参考。

【目的】 施肥技术经历了一百多年的发展,目前正处于快速发展阶段。对水肥一体化技术的发展趋势进行了全面的总结和评述,通过减少施肥,减少养分淋失,提高水肥利用率,提高磷、钾等固定元素在土壤中的迁移率。【方法】 顾近50年来水肥一体化技术发展。水肥一体化技术具有提高水分和肥料利用率、有利农业生产可持续发展等诸多优点,不仅能大幅降低肥料用量,减少养分如氮素的淋失损失,增强磷、钾等元素在土壤中的移动性,提高其利用效率,而且还对土壤理化性质有较好的改良作用,保持土壤疏松状态,提高土壤孔隙度,不破坏土壤团粒结构,保持良好的通气性能,有利于作物根系生长发育。水溶肥发展处于非常活跃时期,水溶肥开发趋向于高溶解度、高含量、液态化、全营养的方向发展。综述水肥一体化技术推广应用对化肥减施增效具有重要意义。【结果】 当前,水肥一体化技术发展面临问题:(1)缺乏根据土壤肥力、作物种类、生长时段等为依据个性化订制肥料的发展;(2)水溶肥理化性状与作物种植技术、水肥一体化设施不匹配;(3)水肥一体化技术推广的广度与深度不够。对水肥一体化技术未来发展的展望:应该充分利用水肥一体化装备的便利条件,加强作物营养管理的科学运筹,加强磷钾肥以追施方式施用技术发展,大力推广加注式比例式施肥技术,以提高施肥的精确性。【结论】 加强科学运筹作物营养管理,实施作物生长期动态调控营养管理,推广磷肥以追施的方式施用,使用智能变量施肥管理系统,通过实施水肥一体化技术显著降低化肥用量。

<strong>【Objective】</strong> Fertigation technology, which has experienced a development for more than 100 years, is in a rapid growth now. A comprehensive summary and review of the development trend of water-fertilizer integration technology not only can improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization by reducing fertilizer application and decreasing the leaching losses of nutrients, but it can also improve the mobility of phosphorus, potassium and other immobile elements in soil.<strong>【Methods】</strong> Looking back on the development of water and fertilizer integration technology in the past 50 years, the water and fertilizer integration technology had many advantages, such as increasing water content and fertilizer utilization rate, and being conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production, which could not only greatly reduce fertilizer use, decrease the loss of nutrients such as nitrogen leaching, enhance the mobility of phosphorus, potassium and other elements in the soil, improve their utilization efficiency, but also improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, maintain soil loose state, improve soil porosity. All these were beneficial to the growth and development of crop root system without destroying the soil granular structure and at the same time, good ventilation performance was maintained. The development of water-soluble fertilizer is in a very active period. The development of water-soluble fertilizer tends to the direction of high solubility, high content, liquid state and total nutrition. The popularization and application of integrated water and fertilizer technology is of great significance for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency.<strong>【Results】</strong> At present, the development of fertigation is faced with problems:(1) lack of customized fertilizers based on soil fertility, crop types and growth periods; (2) no matching of the physical and chemical characteristics of water-soluble fertilizer with crop planting technology and fertigation facilities; (3) insufficiency of the breadth and depth of the popularization of fertigation. When prospecting for the future development of fertigation technology: it is necessary (i) to strengthen the scientific operation and planning of crop nutrition with the convenient conditions of fertigation equipment; (ii) to strengthen the application of total fertigation on phosphate and potash; and (iii) vigorously to promote the technology of proportional inject fertilization to improve the precision of fertilization.<strong>【Conclusion】</strong> We should strengthen the scientific management of crop nutrition, implement the dynamic regulation and control of nutrition management in crop growth period, popularize the application of phosphate fertilizer in the way of after-application, use intelligent variable-rate fertilization management system, and significantly reduce the use of fertilizer by implementing the integrated technology of water and fertilizer.