0 引言
【研究意义】种子活力是衡量种子质量的重要指标,是作物产量的决定性因素之一[1-2],高活力种子具有田间出苗能力强、发芽速率快、整齐度高、种子耐贮藏性和抗逆性增强的优势[3]。种子引发是一项控制种子吸水速度和逐步回干的种子处理技术[4]。适当的引发处理具有渗透调节作用,有利于种子生理生化变化,能够让细胞结构免受破坏并得到修复和保护,维持细胞正常的生理活动,种子活力会有效提高,作物抗逆性也会增强[5]。水杨酸(SA)是植物体内普遍存在的一种小分子酚类物质,是新型的植物生长调节剂之一,是诱导植物对生物和非生物逆境反应一种抗性信号,已有文献研究表明,可以通过调节酶活性和诱导蛋白的合成来增强植物的抗逆性[6]。氯化钙(CaCl2)溶液中Ca2+是一种膜保护剂,能够保持膜透性和结构的稳定性,也作为植物细胞中的第二信使,调节种子发芽过程中的一些酶的活性[7]。研究不同引发处理对小麦种子活力和生理特性的影响,对有效提高小麦种子活力具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】种子引发不仅能提高种子萌发率[8],使出苗率提高和出苗整齐[9],而且还可以增强种子和幼苗对低温[10]、水分胁迫[11]和盐胁迫[12]等各种逆境的抗性。外源喷撒适量的水杨酸可以缓解盐胁迫对株高和茎粗的抑制作用,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,减少丙二醛(MDA)的积累[13]。1 mmol/L的水杨酸可以缓解盐胁迫下百日草种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、发芽率、苗高和幼苗茎粗;同时有利于氧化酶活性增加,减少盐胁迫的损伤[14]。经过CaCl2和KH2PO4引发处理后,甘蓝和茄子的种子活力均得到了显著提高[10,15]。沙棘种子进行水引发后发现其发芽率和发芽指数均明显提高[16]。【本研究切入点】目前关于水杨酸和氯化钙引发对春小麦种子活力影响的研究鲜见报道。需要研究不同引发剂和引发时间对春小麦种子活力及生理特性的效应。【拟解决的关键问题】以春小麦品种新春26号种子为材料,以水杨酸和氯化钙为引发剂,设置不同浓度和引发时间,放置不同引发剂对春小麦种子进行不同时间的引发处理,研究其对春小麦种子萌发特性、幼苗生长指标、生理特性的影响,为筛选春小麦种子的适宜引发浓度和引发时间提供参考依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
以春小麦品种新春26号种子为材料,选用引发剂为水杨酸(SA)、氯化钙(CaCl2)和蒸馏水(H2O)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 试验设计
采用二因素随机区组设计,引发剂SA设3个浓度:A1(0.05 mmol/L)、A2(0.1 mmol/L)、A3(0.15 mmol/L);引发剂CaCl2设3个浓度:B1(6 mmol/L)、B2(9 mmol/L)、B3(12 mmol/L);引发剂H2O设H处理;未引发的干种子作为对照(CK),共8个处理;引发时间分别设4、6、8、10、12和14 h。
选取供试品种大小和饱满度一致的种子,消毒后用自来水冲洗干净,均匀放置于锥形瓶中,倒入配置好的引发溶液进行引发处理,引发结束后,将种子用无离子水冲洗干净,并吸干种子表面的水分后置于吸水纸上,在阴凉通风处回干至原含水量备用。
1.2.2 测定指标
1.2.2.1 发芽指标
依据《国际种子检验规程》规定进行小麦种子发芽试验。于各处理春小麦种子中分别选取无损伤的50粒种子,在20℃GTOP-380B2智能光照培养箱中进行发芽试验,3次重复。每天记载发芽数,在第4 d统计发芽势,在第8 d统计发芽率,计算发芽指数和活力指数。
发芽势(G)=(第4 d种子的发芽数/发芽试验样品粒数)×100%;
发芽率(GR)=(第8 d种子的发芽数/发芽试验样品粒数)×100%;
发芽指数(GI)=∑(Gt/Dt)。
式中,Dt是发芽日数,Gt是与Dt相对应的每天发芽的种子数。
活力指数(VI)=GI×S.
式中,S为一定时期内幼苗单株干重(g/株)。
1.2.2.2 幼苗生长指标
第8 d发芽结束后,每个重复随机选取10株幼苗,清洗干净后用吸水纸吸干幼苗和根系表面水分,将植株根和苗分开并分别测量根长度和苗长度,称量根鲜重和苗鲜重,之后将根、苗分开装入牛皮纸袋里放入烘箱中105℃杀青30 min,温度降到80℃烘干至恒重,称其干重。
1.2.2.3 种子浸泡液电导率
选取完整无损的小麦种子25粒,每个处理3次重复,分别对其称重、记录。用去离子水对种子进行清洗并吸干种子表面的水分,放入对应编号的烧杯中,在烧杯中加入30 mL去离子水,另一烧杯内加蒸馏水作对照。用铝箔把所有烧杯封口(减少水分蒸发及灰尘污染)后在20℃条件下浸泡24 h。用梅特勒-托利多FE30测定对照和种子浸泡液的电导率。
电导率[μS/(cm·g)]=(重复Ⅰ的电导率-对照电导率)/重复Ⅰ种子重(g)。
1.2.2.4 生理生化指标
1.3 数据处理
所有数据利用Excel2010进行整理,利用SPASS统计软件进行分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同引发处理对春小麦种子萌发特性的影响
2.1.1 不同引发剂对春小麦种子活力的影响
研究表明,与对照相比,不同引发剂处理均显著提高春小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。其中,水杨酸引发和氯化钙引发的效果显著高于水引发;增加水杨酸浓度,种子活力各项指标均呈先增加后降低的趋势,A2处理达到最大,而各浓度之间差异不显著;增加氯化钙浓度,各项指标均呈先降低后增加的趋势,B1处理最大,且与B2处理差异显著。春小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均以A2处理为最高,且比对照显著增大34.62%、16.00%、28.19%和37.70%。表1
表1 不同引发剂处理下春小麦种子发芽指标变化
Tab.1
| 处理 Treatments | 发芽势 Germination Potential(%) | 发芽率 Germination Rate(%) | 发芽指数 Germination index | 活力指数 Vigor index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 69.33±3.06 d | 83.33±1.15 d | 51.68±2.60 d | 0.6957±0.06 d |
| H | 79.33±4.16 c | 90.67±3.06 c | 57.41±2.01 c | 0.8619±0.04 c |
| A1 | 89.33± 3.06 ab | 95.33±4.16 abc | 64.33±1.66 a | 0.9822±0.04 ab |
| A2 | 93.33±3.06 a | 96.67±1.15 a | 66.25±2.55 a | 1.0727±0.08 a |
| A3 | 87.33±4.16 ab | 94.00±2.00 abc | 62.34±2.51 ab | 0.9752±0.07 abc |
| B1 | 91.33±2.31 ab | 96.00±2.00 ab | 65.75±4.27 a | 1.0524±0.08 a |
| B2 | 86.00±2.00 b | 91.33±2.31 bc | 59.35±2.52 bc | 0.9003±0.05 bc |
| B3 | 88.00±4.00 ab | 93.33±3.06 abc | 61.88±1.52 abc | 0.9597±0.06 abc |
注:同列小写字母表示差异显著P<0.05
Note: Different small letters in the same column indicate significant difference at P<0.05
2.1.2 不同引发时间对春小麦种子萌发特性的影响
研究表明,引发时间的长短将直接影响引发效果,在相同引发剂处理条件下,延长引发时间,春小麦种子各项发芽指标均呈先降低后增加再降低的趋势;引发时间12 h时,春小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均达到最大值,与其他引发时间之间呈显著性差异,适时控制引发时间才能够得到引发的最佳效果。图1
图1
图1
不同引发时间下春小麦种子发芽指标变化
Fig.1
Changes of Priming time on germination factors of spring wheat seeds
2.2 不同引发处理对春小麦幼苗生长特性影响
2.2.1 不同引发剂对春小麦幼苗生长特性影响
研究表明,不同引发剂处理可显著地促进春小麦幼苗的生长。与对照相比,各引发处理显著增加了苗鲜干重、根鲜干重、苗长和根长。其中,水杨酸和氯化钙引发对春小麦幼苗生长指标的影响显著大于水引发;增加水杨酸浓度,除了根鲜重,其他指标均呈先增加后下降的趋势,A2处理达到最大;增加氯化钙浓度,除了苗长,其他指标均呈先降低后增加的趋势,B1处理达到最大;各处理之间相比,各项幼苗生长指标均以A2处理为最大,依次为B1处理,两个处理与对照之间差异显著,但两者之间差异不显著。图2
图2
图2
不同引发剂处理下春小麦幼苗生长特性变化
Fig2
Changes of seed priming with different agents on seedling growth characteristics of spring wheat
2.2.2 不同引发时间对春小麦幼苗生长性状的影响
研究表明,在相同引发剂处理条件下,引发时间12 h时春小麦幼苗鲜干重、根鲜干重、苗长和根长均达到最大值,且与其他引发时间之间存在显著性差异。控制引发时间的长短也是决定种子引发效果的关键因素之一,合适的引发时间更有效地促进幼苗生长。表2
表2 不同引发时间下春小麦幼苗生长特性变化
Tab.2
| 指标 Factors | 处理 Treatments | 引发时间Priming time(h) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | ||
| 苗鲜重 Seedling fresh weight(g) | CK | 0.103 5 a | 0.103 5 a | 0.103 5 a | 0.103 5 a | 0.103 5 a | 0.103 5 a |
| H | 0.109 3 ab | 0.106 2 bc | 0.106 8 bc | 0.105 5 bc | 0.114 7 a | 0.103 1 c | |
| A | 0.112 6 b | 0.106 9 b | 0.107 9 b | 0.107 2 b | 0.133 4 a | 0.110 73 b | |
| B | 0.115 4 b | 0.108 8 bc | 0.111 0 bc | 0.108 6 bc | 0.126 0 a | 0.110 4 bc | |
| 苗干重 Seedling dry weight(g) | CK | 0.013 5 a | 0.013 5 a | 0.013 5 a | 0.013 5 a | 0.013 5 a | 0.013 5 a |
| H | 0.014 0 bc | 0.013 4 c | 0.013 9 bc | 0.014 1 b | 0.015 0 a | 0.013 6 bc | |
| A | 0.014 7 b | 0.014 0 bc | 0.014 6 b | 0.014 1 bc | 0.015 7 a | 0.014 0 bc | |
| B | 0.014 7 b | 0.014 2 b | 0.014 7 b | 0.014 3 b | 0.015 6 a | 0.014 3 b | |
| 根鲜重 Root fresh weight(g) | CK | 0.170 9 a | 0.170 9 a | 0.170 9 a | 0.170 9 a | 0.170 9 a | 0.170 9 a |
| H | 0.184 6 ab | 0.178 2 bc | 0.176 8 bc | 0.177 3 bc | 0.189 5 a | 0.176 3 bc | |
| A | 0.186 8 b | 0.185 6 b | 0.182 0 bc | 0.179 9 bc | 0.204 4 a | 0.180 6 bc | |
| B | 0.190 8 a | 0.189 3 a | 0.184 1 ab | 0.185 7 ab | 0.199 7 a | 0.187 4 a | |
| 根干重 Root dry weight(g) | CK | 0.010 4 a | 0.010 4 a | 0.010 4 a | 0.010 4 a | 0.010 4 a | 0.010 4 a |
| H | 0.012 5 ab | 0.011 1cd | 0.011 9 abc | 0.011 1 cd | 0.012 9 a | 0.011 3 bcd | |
| A | 0.012 4 b | 0.011 2 d | 0.012 2 bc | 0.011 8 bcd | 0.014 2 a | 0.011 4 cd | |
| B | 0.013 1 a | 0.011 6 b | 0.012 4 ab | 0.011 9 b | 0.013 5 a | 0.011 5 b | |
| 苗长 Seedling length(cm) | CK | 14.413 3 a | 14.413 3 a | 14.413 3 a | 14.413 3 a | 14.413 3 a | 14.413 3 a |
| H | 15.553 3 ab | 14.843 3 cd | 15.050 0 bc | 15.103 3 bc | 15.766 7 a | 15.186 7 bc | |
| A | 15.803 3 ab | 15.166 7 bc | 15.026 7 cd | 15.390 0 bc | 16.320 0 a | 15.286 7 bc | |
| B | 15.926 7 ab | 15.333 3 b | 15.486 7 b | 15.630 0 ab | 16.130 0 a | 15.350 0 b | |
| 根长 Root length (cm) | CK | 13.946 7 a | 13.946 7 a | 13.946 7 a | 13.946 7 a | 13.946 7 a | 13.946 7 a |
| H | 15.240 0 b | 14.023 3 d | 14.826 7 bc | 14.233 cd | 16.036 7 a | 14.433 3 cd | |
| A | 15.590 3 b | 14.743 0 c | 15.557 8 b | 15.193 9 bc | 17.215 3 a | 14.713 0 c | |
| B | 15.792 8 b | 15.262 2 bc | 15.672 8 b | 15.008 8 bc | 17.062 3 a | 14.766 2 c | |
注:同行小写字母表示差异显著P<0.05
Note: Different small letters in the same row indicate significant difference at P<0.05
2.3 不同引发处理对春小麦种子浸泡液电导率的影响
研究表明,种子浸泡液电导率是反映种子活力的一项重要指标,电导率越高,种子活力就越低。与对照相比,不同引发剂处理显著降低了春小麦种子浸泡液电导率,其中A2处理的浸泡液电导率最低,其次为B1处理,各引发剂处理之间不存在显著性差异。引发处理能够使种子细胞膜得到改善,减少种子内部物质外渗量,从而提高种子活力。
不同引发时间之间相比,延长引发时间,春小麦种子浸泡液电导率表现出先上升后降低又上升的趋势,各处理引发时间达到12 h时浸泡液电导率降到最低,与种子活力的变化趋势相符,种子浸泡液电导率与其活力密切相关。图3
图3
图3
不同引发处理下春小麦种子浸泡液电导率变化
Fig.3
Changes of different seed priming treatment on seed electrical conductivity of spring wheat
2.4 不同引发剂处理对春小麦种子酶活性及丙二醛的影响
研究表明,与对照相比,不同引发剂处理显著提高了春小麦种子酶活性,其中A2处理达到最大。各处理春小麦种子SOD活性从高到低表现为A2>B1>A1>B3>A3>B2>H> CK,A2处理与其他处理间差异显著,A2处理比对照提高SOD活性45.48%;POD活性从高到低表现为A2>B1>A1> B3>B2>A3>H> CK,A2处理与B1处理间差异不显著,但与其他处理之间差异显著,并且A2处理比对照提高POD活性62.55%;脱氢酶活性从高到低表现为A2>B1>B3>A3>H> B2>A1>CK,A2处理与B1处理间差异不显著,但与其他处理之间差异显著,并A2处理比对照提高脱氢酶活性41.74%。不同引发剂处理的丙二醛含量分别比对照降低了24.02%、25.61%、46.06%、24.74%、40.28%、20.30%、30.55%,其中A2处理降到最低,A2处理与B1处理、B3处理之间差异不显著,但与其他处理之间差异显著。表3
表3 不同引发剂处理下春小麦种子酶活性及丙二醛变化
Tab.3
| 处理 Treatments | 超氧化物歧化酶活性 Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD,U/g) | 过氧化物酶活性 Peroxidase activity (POD,U/(min·g)) | 脱氢酶OD值 Dehydrogenase | 丙二醛含量 Malondialdehyde content (μmol/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | 209.10 f | 34.50 e | 0.115 g | 5.33 a |
| H | 231.56 e | 42.17 d | 0.138 f | 4.05 b |
| A1 | 264.31 c | 48.50 b | 0.125 e | 3.97 b |
| A2 | 304.19 a | 56.08 a | 0.163 a | 2.88 c |
| A3 | 247.96 d | 43.50 cd | 0.142 c | 4.01 b |
| B1 | 293.46 b | 54.08 a | 0.162 a | 3.18 bc |
| B2 | 244.89 d | 43.75 cd | 0.134 d | 4.25 b |
| B3 | 258.69 c | 46.42 bc | 0.153 b | 3.70 bc |
注:同列小写字母表示差异显著P<0.05
Note: Different small letters in the same column indicate significant difference at P<0.05
3 讨论
3.1
水杨酸、赤霉素和聚乙二醇均能使老化种子发芽和幼苗生长状况得到改善,并促进幼苗生长,提升抗氧化酶活性,修复老化膜损伤,降低了种子浸出液的电导率及丙二醛含量,减少种子细胞内容物质外渗[22]。0.1 mol/L氯化钠溶液引发高粱种子可以加速在盐胁迫下的幼苗生长,增加幼苗总干物质量,同时不同程度的增大根系生物量比和根冠比,可能是引发处理后幼苗根系活性和幼苗中保护酶活性增强,从而提高幼苗的抗逆能力[23,24]。通过选用氯化钙、脯氨酸、水杨酸引发烟草种子后发现,干旱胁迫下幼苗根长、苗长、幼苗鲜干重增加[25]。Crambe种子经引发处理后,其发芽率与对照相比明显提高了28%[26]。水杨酸处理使番茄种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数显著提高并幼苗生长加速,提高光合色素和可溶性糖的含量,能够明显缓解铬对番茄种子萌发生长的毒害[27]。适宜浓度的水杨酸处理不仅可缩短蚕豆种子的发芽时间,还可以提高发芽指数[28];提高棉花发芽率[29]。低浓度水杨酸可以促进小麦种子萌发,高浓度的水杨酸反而抑制[30]。试验结果表明,与对照相比,各浓度的水杨酸均可提高春小麦种子活力,增加幼苗生物量,增高苗长和根长,其中效果最好的是A2处理。CaCl2引发处理能够增强种子的抗逆性,提高发芽率[31]。适宜浓度的氯化钙处理可以有效提高黄瓜种子的发芽率[32]。研究结果表明,与对照相比,各浓度的氯化钙均可提高春小麦种子活力,其中B1处理的效果较佳。
3.2
植物体内的抗氧化防御系统在维持活性氧代谢平衡、防止膜脂氧化损伤方面发挥着重要作用[33]。动植物体内普遍存在的SOD,在植物体内能将氧化迸发过程中形成的超氧阴离子歧化形成H2O2,其作用在于消除自由基,保护蛋白质、细胞膜免受活性氧伤害;POD能清除植物体内累积的富余的H2O2,可增强体内酚类物质的氧化作用,增厚细胞壁来防止病菌的侵入和扩展,提高寄主的抑菌或杀菌能力,增强抗病性[34]。老化14~63 d的芍药种子经过0.30% CaCl2引发处理后其生活力显著提升,种子可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,CAT、SOD和POD活性也得到提高,MDA含量降低,CaCl2可更加稳定芍药老化种子膜结构和透性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,增强了抗氧化酶活性,并减少了贮藏物质的外渗,进而提高了种子活力[7]。将玉米用水杨酸引发处理后其胚、胚乳、种皮的POD、CAT活性高于未引发处理玉米种子[35]。水杨酸处理对种子浸出液电导率和种子中的丙二醛含量有显著降低效果,尤其是0.1 mmol/L水杨酸处理的效果最佳[36]。试验研究结果表明,引发处理的春小麦种子酶活性较对照显著增强,种子浸泡液电导率和MDA含量显著降低,这与前人研究结果相似。
4 结论
不同引发剂处理的春小麦种子比对照春小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗鲜干重、苗长、根长、SOD活性、POD活性、脱氢酶活性显著提高,能够显著降低春小麦种子浸泡液电导率和丙二醛含量。0.1 mmol/L的水杨酸(SA)、6 mmol/L的氯化钙(CaCl2)是春小麦种子最适宜的引发浓度,引发时间12 h时引发效果最佳。
参考文献
人工老化和修复处理对小麦种子活力及生理特性的影响
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Synergistic initiation effect of hydrogen peroxide and PEG on wheat seed vigor
[J].In order to understand the effect of synergistic initiation of hydrogen peroxide and PEG on seed vigor, nine seed vigor indexes including seedling length (SL), root length (RL), germination potential (GE) and germination percentage (GP) and etc. of winter wheat cultivars after initiation were measured. The results showed that under the condition of 0.25%H2O2 soaking for 6 h and 10%PEG soaking for 4 h (treatment 3), the germination potential, germination index, seedling length and vigor index of ‘Chang 7170’ significantly increased by 18.4%, 30.2%, 26.1% and 48.4%, respectively, compared with those of the control (treatment 1); and the germination index, vigor index, root length and root weight increased by 20.7%, 16.2%, 13.6% and 22.8%, respectively, compared with those under 0%H2O2 soaking for 12 h and 0%PEG soaking for 12 h (treatment 2). The germination rate of ‘Chang 6388’ under 0.25%H2O2 soaking for 6 h and 10%PEG soaking for 4 h (treatment 3) was significantly higher than that of the control (treatment 1) and 0.5%H2O2 soaking for 6 h and 5%PEG soaking for 4 h (treatment 9); and the germination index increased by 12% compared with that under 0.5%H2O2 soaking for 12 h and 10%PEG soaking for 2 h (treatment 8). The comprehensive evaluation results (D value) showed that the seed vigor of the two cultivars was the highest under the synergistic initiation of treatment 3, which was 0.9482 and 0.8293, respectively. GGE biplot analysis showed that the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index and root length of the two cultivars were all good under the synergistic initiation of 0.25% H2O2 soaking for 6 h and 10%PEG soaking for 4 h (treatment 3), which could be used as the main indexes for identifying the vigor of wheat seeds.
植物的种子引发
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The recent advances of salicylic acid as signal molecules of resistance in plant
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PEG引发紫花苜蓿和沙打旺种子的生理生态效应
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Physiological and ecological responses of alfalfa and milkvetch seed to PEG priming
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种子引发对盐碱地夏枯草出苗质量的影响
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多胺引发处理对茄子种子活力及幼苗耐冷性的影响
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Effect of polyamine priming on seed vigor and seedling chilling tolerance in eggplant
[J].Effects of Spd and Spm treatments on eggplant（Solanum melongena L.）seed vigor and seedling chilling tolerance were studied under chilling stress. Seeds of eggplant hybrid‘Fengyan 2’were soaked with 0.25 mmol • L-1 of Spd and Spm，respectively for 24 h in dark under 10 ℃，15 ℃ and 25 ℃，and the control was not treated with Spd and Spm. The seed vigor indices and seedling chilling tolerance indices between treatment and untreatment were investigated and compared. Results showed that Spd and Spm treatments significantly improved seed vigor and seeding growth，raised the activities of POD，CAT and SOD，increased soluble protein and Pro contents，and decreased membrane permeability and MDA contents. The results suggested that Spd and Spm played a vital role in promoting eggplant seed vigor and seedling chilling tolerance.
不同引发剂处理对水分胁迫下小麦发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响
[J].为了解不同引发处理对水分胁迫下小麦萌发特性的生理机制差异,以半冬性小麦品种周麦18为试验材料,分别用H<sub>2</sub>O、0.25 μM 茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、20% 聚乙二醇(PEG)、0.25 μM MeJA+20% PEG引发处理6、12、18、24 h,然后在浓度为15%的PEG溶液中进行发芽试验,并测定幼苗生理指标。结果表明,4种引发剂处理均能显著提高小麦种子在水分胁迫下的发芽特性,促进幼苗生长,其中H<sub>2</sub>O和MeJA均在引发处理12 h效果最好,而PEG和MeJA+PEG均在引发处理18 h效果最好。在最佳引发时间条件下,4种引发处理均能显著降低小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速小麦种子内部碳水化合物代谢,提高渗透调节物质含量;同时,显著提高酶促抗氧化系统的活性,有利于水分胁迫下小麦的生长。因此,适当的引发处理能增强水分胁迫下小麦种子的萌发能力,维持膜系统的稳定性,增强渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,保证生物量的积累。本研究结果为旱地小麦栽培提供了理论依据。
Effects of seed priming with different agents on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of wheat under dehydration stress
[J].In order to understand the germination characteristics of wheat under dehydration stress, semi-winter wheat of ZhouMai 18 were primed for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours with H<sub>2</sub>O, 0.25 μM MeJA, 20% PEG and 0.25 μM MeJA+20% PEG. The seed germination experiments were carried out under the concentration of 15% PEG and seedling physiological characteristics were investigated and compared under dehydration stress. Results showed that 4 priming treatments significantly improved characteristics of seed germination and promoted the growth of seedlings under dehydration stress. Priming effects were the best when the seed were processed by H<sub>2</sub>O and 0.25 μM MeJA for 12 hours, while the best priming time of 20% PEG and 0.25 μM MeJA+20% PEG were 18 hours. Compared with control (nonprimed seeds), levels of MDA (malonaldehyde) were declined by 4 priming treatments in the best priming time. Priming accelerated the process of carbohydrate metabolism, increased the content of osmotic adjustment substances, and significantly improved the activities of antioxidant system under dehydration stress. Meanwhile, increasing of antioxidant activities helps wheat growth under dehydration stress. Therefore, proper priming treatments could enhance germinative capacity, maintain stability of the membrane system, improve ability of osmotic regulation and antioxidant, and ensure the biomass accumulation. This paper provided a theoretical basis for wheat cultivation under dry farming condition.
褪黑素引发对盐胁迫敖汉苜蓿种子发芽特性的影响
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外源水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗生长和生理特性的影响
[J].为了探明水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）幼苗生长和生理特性的影响，以“威斯顿”紫花苜蓿品种为材料，采用盆栽试验方法，研究叶面喷施不同浓度水杨酸（0，0.5，1.5，2.5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>）对不同NaCl处理（0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%）下紫花苜蓿苗期生长及抗性生理的影响。结果表明，随着NaCl浓度的增加，紫花苜蓿幼苗生长受到显著抑制，在0.6%、0.9%和1.2%盐浓度胁迫下，添加0.5、1.5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>外源水杨酸后，紫花苜蓿的株高、茎粗、一级分枝数、叶片相对含水量均显著提高（P<0.05）；同时，叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高；相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。可见，适宜浓度水杨酸可以改善不同浓度NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿的生长状况，提高其耐盐能力。
Effects of salicylic acid on physiological characteristics and growth of alfalfa seedling under NaCl stress
[J].<p>In order to ascertain the effects of salicylic acid on physiological characteristics and growth of Alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) seedling under NaCl stress, a pot experiment of ‘Weston’ alfalfa cultivars was established. In the study, the effects of different concentrations of exogenous salicylic acid (control 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mmol·L) with foliar spray on alfalfa seedling growth and physiological under the condition of different NaCl stress (0, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%) were studied. The results indicated that as the aggravation of the salt stress alfalfa seedling growth was significantly inhibited, while adding exogenous 0.5 and 1.5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> salicylic acid significantly improved plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches, and leaf relative water content under 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2% salt stress. Moreover salicylic acid applications markedly increased the activities of protected enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and decreased leaf relative conductivity and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Thus it can be seen that treatments with an appropriate concentration of salicylic acid can improve alfalfa growth and enhance its salt tolerance.</p>
水杨酸对盐胁迫下百日草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响
[J].以百日草品种“芳菲1号”为试材,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理下,研究了不同浓度(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5和2.0 mmol/L)水杨酸浸种对百日草种子萌发以及不同浓度水杨酸(SA)注根和叶面喷施对幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示,SA一定程度上可以缓解盐胁迫对百日草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。其中,0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mmol/L SA处理的种子具有较高的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数;幼苗株高、茎粗、根冠比增加;叶片叶绿素含量明显升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均变高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。表明0.5~1.5 mmol/L的SA处理通过促进百日草叶片叶绿素合成,保护其光合作用,维持了植物的正常生长;同时,通过调节百日草抗氧化及抗渗透胁迫能力,有效缓解了盐毒害,尤其以1.0 mmol/L效果最佳,2.0 mmol/L的SA处理未见有明显缓解。
Effects of salicylic acid on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Zinnia elegans under salt stress
[J].<em>Zinnia elegans</em> seed (cultivar “Fangfei No.1”) was treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl. The effects of different concentration of exogenous salicylic acid (SA: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mmol/L) on salt stress-injuries were investigated during seed germination and seedling growth. The results indicated that SA can effectively alleviate the injuries of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth of <em>Z. elegans</em>. Salicylic acid increased germination vigour, germination percentage, germination index, and subsequently increased plant height, stem diameter, root∶shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxide (POD) activity under salt stress. However, malondialdehyde (MDA) content (indicator of oxidative stress) was decreased by salicylic acid. Salicylic acid concentration of 1.0 mmol/L produced the best effects whereas no mitigation effects were observed on seed germination or seedling growth under salt stress at 2.0 mmol/L salicylic acid. It is suggested that salicylic acid concentrations of 0.5-1.5 mmol/L could be used to alleviate salt stress-induced injuries.
中国沙棘种子的水引发技术及其抗性生理效应
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Hydro-priming technique and its resistance physiology effect for sea buckthorn seed
[J].
Seed priming: state of the art and new perspectives
[J].Priming applied to commercial seed lots is widely used by seed technologists to enhance seed vigour in terms of germination potential and increased stress tolerance. Priming can be also valuable to seed bank operators who need improved protocols of ex situ conservation of germplasm collections (crop and native species). Depending on plant species, seed morphology and physiology, different priming treatments can be applied, all of them triggering the so-called 'pre-germinative metabolism'. This physiological process takes place during early seed imbibition and includes the seed repair response (activation of DNA repair pathways and antioxidant mechanisms), essential to preserve genome integrity, ensuring proper germination and seedling development. The review provides an overview of priming technology, describing the range of physical-chemical and biological treatments currently available. Optimised priming protocols can be designed using the 'hydrotime concept' analysis which provides the theoretical bases for assessing the relationship between water potential and germination rate. Despite the efforts so far reported to further improve seed priming, novel ideas and cutting-edge investigations need to be brought into this technological sector of agri-seed industry. Multidisciplinary translational research combining digital, bioinformatic and molecular tools will significantly contribute to expand the range of priming applications to other relevant commercial sectors, e.g. the native seed market.
NaHS引发提高裸燕麦种子活力的生理机制
[J].硫化氢（H<sub>2</sub>S）信号在作物种子萌发中发挥着重要作用。为探讨外源H<sub>2</sub>S供体NaHS引发提高作物种子活力的作用及其生理机制，以裸燕麦种子为材料，分别用不同浓度NaHS （0、50、100、200、400、800、1600 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>）引发18 h和800 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> NaHS引发不同时间（6、9、12、15、18、21 h），分析其发芽势（GP）、发芽率（GR）、发芽指数（GI）、活力指数（VI）和幼苗干重（DW）的变化，以确定适宜的NaHS引发浓度和引发时间。以未引发种子为对照（CK），同时设置H<sub>2</sub>O引发，研究800 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> NaHS引发18 h对种子H<sub>2</sub>S产生、贮藏物质含量和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明，800 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> NaHS引发18 h可显著提高裸燕麦种子的GP、GR、GI和VI，但对DW的影响不大。NaHS引发对种子淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、还原型抗坏血酸（ASA）、脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）含量及ASA/DHA和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性无显著影响，但显著提高H<sub>2</sub>S和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量及细胞色素氧化酶（COX）、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性，分别比CK提高了113.5%、14.4%、103.3%、6.1%、112.0%和120.5%；降低α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性及超氧阴离子、过氧化氢、丙二醛、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、GSH/GSSG和质膜相对透性，分别下降了39.8%、53.6%、34.7%、36.1%、37.6%、29.2%、38.1%和11.9%。由此表明，NaHS引发可能通过提高种子H<sub>2</sub>S含量，从而调控抗氧化系统和激活COX活性，降低活性氧对质膜的损伤，增强细胞有氧呼吸代谢，提高裸燕麦种子活力。
Physiological mechanism of NaHS priming improvement of seed vigor in naked oat
[J].Hydrogen sulfide （H2S） plays an important role in the germination of crop seeds. This research explored the role of an exogenous H2S donor， NaHS， as a priming agent for increasing seed vigor and its physiological mechanism. Naked oat seeds were used as the test material， and primed with different concentrations of NaHS （0， 50， 100， 200， 400， 800 and 1600 μmol·L-1） for 18 h and with 800 μmol·L-1 NaHS for different times （6， 9， 12， 15， 18， and 21 h）. The germination potential （GP）， germination rate （GR）， germination index （GI）， vitality index （VI） and seedling dry weight （DW） were analyzed to determine the appropriate NaHS priming concentration and priming time. Compared with non-priming of seeds， the effects of 800 μmol·L-1 NaHS priming for18 h on H2S production， storage substance content and active oxygen metabolism of seeds were studied. The results showed that 800 μmol·L-1 NaHS priming for 18 h could significantly increase the GP， GR， GI， and VI of naked oat seeds， but had no significant effect on DW. NaHS priming had no significant effect on the starch， soluble sugar， soluble protein， reduced ascorbic acid （ASA）， dehydroascorbic acid （DHA） contents， ASA/DHA， and ascorbic peroxidase activity of seeds， but significantly increased H2S and oxidized glutathione （GSSG） contents， cytochrome oxidase （COX）， superoxide dismutase， catalase and peroxidase activities by 113.5%， 14.4%， 103.3%， 6.1%， 112.0% and 120.5%， respectively； Decreased α-amylase and β-amylase activities and superoxide anion， hydrogen peroxide， malondialdehyde， reduced glutathione （GSH） contents， GSH/GSSG and plasma membrane relative permeability by 39.8%， 53.6%， 34.7%， 36.1%， 37.6%， 29.2%， 38.1% and 11.9%， respectively. These results indicate that NaHS priming may increase the H2S content of the seeds， thereby regulating the antioxidant system and activating COX activity， reducing the damage caused by reactive oxygen species to the plasma membrane， enhancing cell aerobic respiration metabolism， and improving the vitality of naked oat seeds.
不同药剂引发处理对老化玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响
[J].
Effects of different initiators on germination and seedlings growth of aged maize seeds
[J].
种子引发对盐胁迫下高粱幼苗生物量分配和渗透物质含量的影响
[J].
Effects of seed priming on biomass allocation and osmotic substance contents of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seedlings under salt stress
[J].
混合盐引发对水稻种子在逆境条件下发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响
[J].
Effect of seed priming with mixed-salt solution on germination and physiological characteristics of seedling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under stress conditions
[J].
不同药剂引发处理对干旱胁迫下烟草种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响
[J].
Effects of seed priming with different agents on seed germination and seedling growth in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) under drought stress
[J].
Chemical and physical treatments can change the germination and seed vigor of Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst). A case study
[J].
水杨酸对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长铬胁迫的缓解效应
[J].
Mitigative effect of salicylic acid on tomato seed germination and seedling growth under chromium stress
[J].
水杨酸浸种对蚕豆种子萌发的影响
[J].
Effect of salicylic acid soaking on seed germination of broad
[J].
水杨酸浸种对棉花种子萌发及幼芽的影响
[J].
Effect of salicylic acid soaking on cotton seed germination and bud
[J].
水杨酸浸种对小麦种子萌发的影响
[J].
Effect of seed soaking with salicylic acid on seed germination of wheat
[J].
氯化钙和青霉素对黄瓜老化种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响
[J].
Effect of CaCl2 and penicillin on germination of cucumber aged seed and the growing of seeding
[J].
外源硫化氢对干旱胁迫下萌发水稻种子抗氧化代谢的影响
[J].
Effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on antioxidant metabolism of rice seed germinated under drought stress
[J].
水杨酸浸种对小麦种子萌发生理生化指标的影响
[J].
Effect of salicylic acid soaking on the physiological biochemistry targets of wheat seed germination
[J].
水杨酸引发处理对低温吸胀期间玉米种子生理指标的影响
[J].为明确水杨酸（SA）引发处理下玉米种子在低温吸胀期间生理指标的变化规律，以玉米品种郑单958种子为试验材料，用0.1 mmol/L SA引发处理玉米种子36 h，在15 ℃低温下吸胀不同时间（0、12、24、36、48 h），研究SA引发处理对玉米种子胚、胚乳及种皮在低温吸胀期间生理指标的影响。结果表明,SA引发处理显著提高玉米种子的发芽率；随着吸胀时间的延长，种子浸出液核苷酸含量呈先降低后升高的趋势，种胚可溶性糖含量呈先下降后上升的趋势，胚乳的POD活性呈逐渐上升趋势，种皮的CAT活性呈先上升后降低的趋势。与未引发种子相比，SA引发处理在大部分吸胀时间里，表现为可提高玉米种子胚乳和种皮的可溶性糖含量，增加胚、胚乳和种皮的可溶性蛋白含量，增强胚乳和种皮的CAT和POD活性，降低种子浸出液中核苷酸含量，从而增强玉米种子对低温胁迫的抵抗能力。
Effect of salicylic acid priming on physiological indexes of maize seed during seed imbibition under low temperature
[J].
不同引发剂处理对西瓜种子萌发及生理特性的影响
[J].
Effect of different materials priming on the germination and physiological characteristics of aged watermelon seed
[J].Watermelon seeds viability often decreased in process of natural storage, so it is significant to enhance the seeds germination rate and germination power of watermelon foe watermelon seed production, storage and utilization. In this study, the aged watermelon seeds were selected as material, soaked by different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), calcium nitrate and gibberellic acid (GA3), to study the effects on germination rate, related physiological and biochemical indexes of aged watermelon seeds. The results show that the activity of aged watermelon seeds was obviously increased after soaking, and the best treatment to promote germination was Ca(NO3)210mmol/L. Besides, conductivity and soluble sugar content of seeds lixivium, and MDA content of seeds were decreased obviously after treated by SA, Ca(NO3)2 and GA3, and SA treatment had the best obvious effects.
玉米浸种催芽断根技术应用试验
[J].
Application test of maize seed soaking to accelerate germination and root cutting technology
[J].
