自二千年前,西汉在轮台建立都护府以来,托木尔峰地区就在其管辖之下,我国各族人民在此从事农牧业活动,对当地环境就有一定的影响。中华人民共和国成立后,由于经济迅速发展,该区的环境发生了急速的变化。笔者于1978年参加了中国科学院综合考察委员会组织的托木尔峰登山科学考察,1979年又进行了补充考察。本文试从人类活动及其对当地自然环境的影响,探讨该区人类与环境的关系。

The author took part in the scientific investigations on Mount Tuomul in 1978and in the additional investigations in 1979 as a member of thc mou-ntaineeringSeientifie Expedition to this monntain, organized by the Comprehensive Research andInvestigation Committee of the Aeademia Sinica. This paper tries to discuss andstudy comprehensively the relationship between the activities of the local people andenvironments.Mount Tuomul is situated within our territory, 20 km south-west of MountHautengeli located on the border line between China and the Soviet Union. It is the highest mountain in the whole Tian Shan System, with an altitude of 7,435.3m above sea level. The geographical coordinate of theTuomul Areais:41°15’ to 43°10’ north latitude and 79°40’ to 81°15’ east longitude. Its area within our country amounts to 15.000 square km or so.As Tian Shan is a natural climatic barrier, the northern and southern sides of Mount Tuomul differ in term of the national composition, the mode of production and the human influences upon the environment. Inhabitants on its northern side mainly belong to Kazak. Han and Mongol nationalities, but on the southern side predominantly dwell Kighurs and Hans. Stock raising is the leading economic activity, and farming is less important on the northern side, while on the southern side things are the contrary. As for industry, the southern side is more developed than the northern side, yet in the respect of forestry, the former is less developed than the latter. As for the influences of human activities, the piedmont area of front ranges on the northern side, show the greatest, whereas on the southern side, the plain are much more influenced by man than the front range regions.The human activities in the Tuomul area result in the changes of the natural ecological environment. Such influences decrease with the rise in altitude above sea level: their long, slow and cumulative effects in history have led to destructive changes for the ecological environment. These changes in their turn are developing from quantitative to qualitative ones. With the constant development of the productive forces, influences of human activities on the environment are intensifying, especially since Liberation, they ai-e even more drastic as a result of the economic development. Because of the spread of air pollution, there are no places, which are absolutely not subject to contamination. The ice-and-snow zone of the Tuomul Mountain area is not an exception.The environment of the Tuomul area is developing in both favourable and unfavourable directions. On one hand, owing to the amelioration of gobi deserts, building water conservancy and oasis projects, the artificial oasis environment has become more favourable for living; on the other hand, due to the destruction of the ecological environment as a result of irrational utilization of natural resources, there has also appeared a tendency to the nature’s retaliation upon mankind. For example, because of the overfell and reckless cuttins? of the forests and the excessive reclamation for farming, the indiscret capture and hunting of wild animals, there has arisen a tendency towards the microclimate’s becoming drier; the decrease or drying up of water sources in the front ranges regions and the decrease in forest area; the aggravation of insect pests and the increase in the resistance of insects to pesticides which have resulted in the decrease in crop yield by a big margin: the reduction of the carrying capacity of pastures due to the deterioration of their vegetative covers; the deflation of the chernozem on the northern slope and the extension of the sand-covered and salinized area on the southern slope; the rapid drop of the variety of wild animals; and so on.Finally, in terms of these existing problems, this paper gives suggestions concerning the maintenance of the balance in the ecological environment and the improvement of its development in the direction favourable to humanity.

【目的】研究伊犁河水系特克斯河伊犁裂腹鱼系统生物学特性。【方法】2018~2020年通过采集伊犁河水系特克斯河伊犁裂腹鱼样本,运用经典鱼类生物学方法鉴定其形态特征,分析其年龄与生长等种群性状。【结果】特克斯河伊犁裂腹鱼,形态特征与其他水系裂腹鱼差异小,口下缘无硬质角质;体背细鳞,臀鳞较发达;体背部淡青色,微泛黄,体侧和腹部银白色,小个体体侧有斑点。体长均值为（21.56±10.48） cm,不符合正态分布。体重均值为（404.00±483.11） g,不符合正态分布。年龄均值（7.36±3.97）⁺,不符合正态分布,其中5⁺为优势年龄个体,占11.40％。体长和体重相关方程为：W=0.022 L³（R²=0.959 4）;渐进体长L∞=65.48 cm,生产系数k=0.06,W∞=4716.67 g,t₀= 0.09,t_i=18.40⁺;生长方程为：L_t = 65.48（1-e^{-0.06（t -0.09）}） 和W_t = 4 716.67（1-e^{-0.06（t -0.09）}）³。伊犁裂腹鱼成熟系数和丰满系数：GSI=（3.54±1.94）和K=（2.34±0.63）。【结论】伊犁河水系特克斯河伊犁裂腹鱼着细鳞,较大型土著鱼类,年龄结构差异较大,匀速生长,适应性较强,水域生态较优,生长周期较长,性状较稳定,拐点年龄大,性成熟周期长。

【Objective】To research the system biology of Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis in Turks River from Ili river. 【Method】 From 2018 to 2020,to collected sampling of Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis,using traditional measurement methods to identify biological and age, analyze its growth characteristics. 【Result】 The morphological characteristics of the Turks River Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis were slightly different from those of other water system Schizothorax. There was no hard keratin in the lower edge of the mouth; the back of the body was finely scaled and the buttocks were more developed; the back of the body was light blue and slightly yellow, The sides and abdomen are silvery white, and there are spots on the sides of small individuals. Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis, The body length means is（21.56±10.48） cm, it is too distributed. The mean weight means is（404.00±483.11） g, it is too distributed. The age mean is 7.36±3.97+,the age is too distributed, superior individuals ages 5+;Length and weight relationships: W=0.022L3（R2=0.959 4）;Progressive length L∞=65.48 cm,the coefficient of growth k=0.06,W∞=4 716.67 g,t0 = 0.09,ti=18.40+;The population（n=105） of progressive length and weight growth relationship: Lt = 65.48（1-e-0.06（t -0.09））, Wt = 4716.67（1-e-0.06（t -0.09））3.The population of GSI and fullness: GSI=（3.54±1.94）, K=（2.34±0.63）. 【Conclusion】 The Turks River Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis in the Ili River water system, Schizothorax pseudaksaiensis is a large Local fish with fine scales. Its age structure is quite different, grows at a uniform speed, and has strong adaptability. The waters of the Turks River have better ecology, Fish have a long growth cycle, relatively stable traits, an older turning point, a long sexual maturity cycle, and a sharp decline in resources. To carry out the construction of germplasm resource protection zones to consolidate the ecological balance of fishery resources in the upstream tributaries of the Ili River.

【目的】研究新疆特克斯河斑重唇鱼形态特征及年龄与生长等生态学特性。【方法】2019~2021年采样观察特克斯河斑重唇鱼,运用经典生物学测量方法鉴定年龄,分析其生长性状。【结果】特克斯河斑重唇鱼,体延长,被细鳞,侧线完全,形态特征不同于其他水系,差异较大,体背色泽灰褐色,有不同的黑色斑点,腹部浅黄泛灰白。斑重唇鱼,体长均值(143.66±57.94) mm,体重均值(64.81±92.10) g,年龄均值(4.08±2.49^*);体长与体重拟合关系式为W_总=5.80×10^-6L^{3.165 3}(R²=0.952 1),属于异速生长;体长与体高、头长、吻长、眼间距、尾柄长和尾柄高相关性较高,与体宽和眼径的相关性较低。特克斯河斑重唇鱼(n=120)渐进体长L∞=346.79 mm,k=0.07,W∞=634.97 g,t₀ = - 0.34,t_i=12.46。生长方程:L_t = 346.79 (1-e^{-0.09 (t + 0.34)}),W_t = 634.97 (1-e^{-0.09 (t + 0.34)})^{3.165 3}。【结论】特克斯河斑重唇鱼形态不同于其他水系,高原冷水鱼类,属异速生长,适应性欠佳,拐点年龄大,生长缓慢,生长性状不稳定。

【Objective】 To explore the morphological characteristics, age, growth and other ecological characteristics of spotted Diptychus maculates in Turks River.【Methods】 From 2019 to 2021, through the sampling and observation of the Turks river spotted Diptychus maculates., classical biological measurement methods were used to identify the age and analyze its growth characteristics.【Results】 The body of Turks Rriver spotted double-lipped fish was elongated, with fine scales, and the lateral line was complete.The morphological characteristics were different from other water systems.The color of the back was gray-brown, with different black spots, and the abdomen was light yellow and grayish-white.The average body length was (143.66±57.94) mm, the average weight was (64.81±92.10) g, and the average age (4.08±2.49*); The fitting relationship between body length and weight was W =5.80×10-6L3.165,3(R2=0.952,1), which belonged to allometric growth; Body length was highly correlated with body height, head length, snout length, eye distance, caudal stalk length, and caudal stalk height, but had a lower correlation with body width and.The progressive body length (n=120) was L∞=346.79 mm, k=0.09, W∞=634.97 g, t 0 = - 0.34, ti=12.46.Growth equation of length and weight: Lt = 346.79 (1-e-0.09 (t + 0.34)),Wt = 634.97 (1-e-0.09 (t + 0.34))3.165,3.【Conclusion】 The morphology of Turks river spotted Diptychus maculates is different from other water systems.It is a plateau cold-water fish with allometric growth, poor adaptability, old inflection point, slow growth, and unstable growth characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to assess morphological differences between stunted and non-stunted white perch Morone americana and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus. Few female M. americana were captured; thus, morphological differences between adult males and juveniles were assessed for M. americana. Similarly, few immature (juvenile) L. cyanellus were captured for the stunted morphotype; thus, male and female morphological differences were assessed for L. cyanellus. Features of the head tended to be relatively larger in stunted fish of both species, whereas the mid-body tended to be relatively larger in non-stunted M. americana, but not in non-stunted L. cyanellus. Adult and juvenile morphology overlapped considerably in non-stunted M. americana, but there was a clear distinction between adult and juvenile morphology of stunted M. americana. There was little sexual dimorphism in shape in stunted L. cyanellus, whereas sexual dimorphism was evident in non-stunted L. cyanellus. It appears that selective forces imposed by predation and food limitation may contribute to morphological diversification between stunted and non-stunted fishes.

【目的】 研究不同地理种群新疆裸重唇鱼的形态特征差异。【方法】 2020~2021年通过采集玛纳斯河和特克斯河新疆裸重唇鱼样本,运用鱼类生态学方法鉴定其形态特征,分析其不同种群生物学性状。【结果】 新疆裸重唇鱼,玛纳斯河群体和特克斯河群体外形特征差异较为明显,体重和体长两河群体差异显著(P<0.05),体宽和头长,玛纳斯河与特克斯河的范围值和均值差异极显著(P<0.01)。体长与体重回归方程:W_M=0.049L^{1.992 8}(R²=0.932 0),W_M=1.39×10^-6L^{3.127 5}(R²=0.964 8)。不同群体生物学性状生长趋势不同,玛纳斯河群体以头长明显,特克斯河群体则以体宽明显。玛纳斯河群体35尾和特克斯河群体65尾,主成分1是54.6%,主成分2是11.6%,两群体均无重叠;影响主成分1的主要性状是:体高、背鳍起点到腹鳍起点;影响主成分2是背鳍起点到背鳍后基、背鳍起点到臀鳍起点、背鳍起点到尾鳍下。玛纳斯河群体和特克斯河群体判别函数:Y_M=-1 985.90-1 934.51X₁-2 020.77X₂+5 137.86X₃+2 858.24X₄+3 111.14X₅-2 376.61X₆+2 494.94X₇+4 382.91X₈;Y_T=-1 826.92-2 036.21X₁-1 770.91X₂+4 898.46X₃+3 679.48X₄+1 882.97X₅-919.60X₆+3 189.76X₇+4 632.12X₈。【结论】 新疆裸重唇鱼生活史中,生长性状体高、吻长及眼间距是生长中直接影响生长因子。新疆裸重唇鱼,天山南北水系共同种,高度特化鱼类,对于水域生态环境的多样性丰富极为重要,形态特征差异较大,典型异质性的高原鱼类,生长异速,不稳定,不同群体生长性状差异明显。

【Objective】 To explore the analysis of differences in morphological characteristics of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii of different geographical populations. 【Methods】 From 2020 to 2021,Gymnodiptychus dybowskii were collected from Manas River and Turks River, fish ecology was used to identify its morphological characteristics and analyze their different population biological traits. 【Result】 The differences in appearance characteristics between Manas River group and Turks River group of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii were more obvious, and the differences in body weight and body length between the two groups were significant (P<0.05), body width and head length, range and mean values in Manas River and Turks River were significantly different (P<0.01. Regression equation of body length and body weight: WM=0.049L1.992 8(R2=0.932,0),WT=1.39×10-6L3.127 5(R2=0.964,8).The growth trends of biological traits in different populations of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii were different: the head length of Manas River population was obvious, while that of Turks River population was body width. Combined with the Manas River population of 35 and the Turks River population of 65, the principal component 1 was 54.6%, and the principal component 2 was 11.6%. There was no overlap between either population; The main traits affecting principal component 1 were: body height, dorsal fin starting point to ventral fin starting point; The main traits affecting principal component 2 are: dorsal fin starting point to dorsal fin posterior base, dorsal fin starting point to hip fin starting point, dorsal fin starting point to caudal fin. The Manas River group and the Turks River group could be distinguished according to their shapes, and their functions are as follows: YM = -1,985.90-1,934.51X1-2,020.77X2 + 5,137.86X3 + 2,858.24X4 + 3,111.14X5-2,376.61X6 + 2,494.94X7 + 4,382.91X8; YT = -1,826.92-2,036.21X1-1,770.91X2 + 4,898.46X3 + 3,679.48X4 + 1,882.97X5-919.60X6 + 3,189.76X7 + 4,632.12X8. The growth traits body height, tongue length and eye cross were directly influential growth factors in the life history of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and played a key role in guiding their selection and breeding. 【Conclusion】 Gymnodiptychus dybowskii,a common species in the north-south water system of the Tianshan Mountains, highly specialized fish, is extremely important for the diversity of water ecological environment, with widely varying morphological characters, typical heterogeneous plateau fishes, heterogeneous growth rates and instability, and obvious differences in growth traits among different groups, resource depletion has intensified, and there is an urgent need to carry out germplasm restoration and conservation to consolidate the ecological balance of Xinjiang's endemic fishery resources.

Sagittal otoliths were used to age the samples of Tilapia mariae collected from a coastal river and an impoundment. Validation of sagittae checks was achieved using both quantitative marginal increment analysis and by tetracycline marking of the otoliths of fish kept in tanks and in a farm dam. The annulus pattern on the otoliths was generally clear and their formation appeared to be temperature related and largely completed in the Austral spring around September and October. Male T. mariae grow faster and larger than females and the maximum ages of fish from the coastal river and impoundment was 9+ and 4+ years, respectively. Past fish surveys and the absence of older age classes in the impoundment population would suggest that this population was only very recently established.© 2013 Commonwealth of Australia. Journal of Fish Biology © 2013 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

We use Bayesian methods to explore fitting the von Bertalanffy length model to tag-recapture data. We consider two popular parameterizations of the von Bertalanffy model. The first models the data relative to age at first capture; the second models in terms of length at first capture. Using data from a rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss study we explore the relationship between the assumptions and resulting inference using posterior predictive checking, cross validation and a simulation study. We find that untestable hierarchical assumptions placed on the nuisance parameters in each model can influence the resulting inference about parameters of interest. Researchers should carefully consider these assumptions when modeling growth from tag-recapture data. © 2013, The International Biometric Society.