在新疆南疆灌区棉花干播湿出种植方式下，通过田间试验研究土壤温度、水分变化及其对出苗率的影响。研究表明：各处理不同深度土壤温度在一天中表现为低-高-低的变化规律；表层5cm内土壤温度变幅最大，平均增幅63.5%-70%；随着深度增加土壤温度变化逐渐趋于平缓。各处理不同深度处下层土壤温度达到峰值的时间滞后于上层土壤，上层土壤降温速度高于下层土壤；土壤含水率越大地温变幅越小；600m3/hm2的干播湿出灌水定额可为棉花种子发育创造较好的湿热环境，利于棉花出苗。

在新疆南疆灌区棉花干播湿出种植方式下，通过田间试验研究土壤温度、水分变化及其对出苗率的影响。研究表明：各处理不同深度土壤温度在一天中表现为低-高-低的变化规律；表层5cm内土壤温度变幅最大，平均增幅63.5%-70%；随着深度增加土壤温度变化逐渐趋于平缓。各处理不同深度处下层土壤温度达到峰值的时间滞后于上层土壤，上层土壤降温速度高于下层土壤；土壤含水率越大地温变幅越小；600m3/hm2的干播湿出灌水定额可为棉花种子发育创造较好的湿热环境，利于棉花出苗。

针对新疆南疆地区干旱环境，常规冬春灌耗水严重，不利于南疆水资源的可持续发展，探索干播湿出环境下出苗期适宜的灌水方式。在南疆沙雅县开展大田试验，设置7个不同灌水量及频率处理（C1:675 m³/hm²，C2:900 m³/hm²，C3:1 125 m³/hm²，C4:675+225 m³/hm²，C5:675+450 m³/hm²，C6:675+300+150 m³/hm²，CK:冬灌2 700 m³/hm²），研究不同出苗水量和滴水频次对棉花株高、茎粗、出苗率、干物质累积量等生长指标、产量及其构成要素(单株铃数、收获密度)的影响。结果表明：CK处理出苗率最高，C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6出苗率分别为对照的81.48%，88.62%，67.35%，95.01%，73.66%与80.06%。在苗期，C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6处理株高分别对比CK减少10.63%，10.37%，36.33%，8.05%，22.45%，26.74%；茎粗分别对比CK减少2.14%，6.05%，31.67%，4.27%，12.81%，16.73%。冬灌棉单株铃重与籽棉产量的相关性最高(r=0.646)，干播湿出棉收获密度与籽棉产量相关最密切(r=0.748)。CK处理在苗期出苗率、棉花生长指标以及后期产量及其构成要素要显著高于其他处理，C4处理在出苗率、收获密度以及籽棉产量均与CK处理处于同一水平。出苗水量大于675 m³/hm²时，同一滴水频次下，棉花出苗率随灌溉定额的减少而增加，C2处理棉花出苗率、苗期生长状况、后期产量及其构成要素高于C3处理，C4高于C5处理。同一灌水量下，棉花出苗率随滴灌次数的增加而升高，C4处理棉花出苗率、产量及其构成要素高于C2、C5处理，C6高于C3处理。综合各处理出苗、生长状况及产量情况，C4为最佳出苗水处理。

In view of the arid environment in southern Xinjiang, the water consumption of conventional winter and spring irrigation mode is serious, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of water resources in southern Xinjiang. In this study, a field experiment was carried out in Shaya County, southern Xinjiang. Seven different irrigation treatments (C1 of 675 m3/hm2, C2 of 900 m3/hm2, C3 of 1 125 m3/hm2, C4 of 675+225 m3/hm2, C5 of 675+450 m3/hm2, C6 of 675+300+150 m3/hm2, CK of winter irrigation 180 m3/hm2) were set up to study the effects of different seedling emergence water and drip frequency on cotton flower height, stem diameter, seedling emergence rate, dry matter accumulation and other growth indicators, yield and its constituent elements (number of bolls per plant, harvest density). The results showed that the emergence rates of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 were 81.48%, 88.62%, 67.35%, 95.01%, 73.66% and 80.06% of the control, respectively. At seedling stage, compared with CK, the plant height of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 treatments decreased CK by 10.63%, 10.37%, 36.33%, 8.05%, 22.45% and 26.74% respectively, and the stem diameter decreased CK by 2.14%, 6.05%, 31.67%, 4.27%, 12.81% and 16.73% respectively. The correlation between Boll Weight per plant of winter irrigation cotton and seed cotton yield was the highest (r=0.646), and the harvest density of dry sowing wet cotton was the most closely related to seed cotton yield (r=0.748). The CK treatment was significantly higher than other treatments in seedling emergence rate, cotton growth index, late yield and its components. The C4 treatment was at the same level as CK treatment in seedling emergence rate, harvest density and seed cotton yield. When the emergence water amount was greater than 675 m3/hm2, under the same drip frequency, the cotton emergence rate increased with the decrease of irrigation quota. The cotton emergence rate, seedling growth status, late yield and its constituent elements of C2 treatment were higher than those of C3 treatment, and those of C4 treatment were higher than those of C5 treatment. Under the same irrigation amount, the emergence rate of cotton increased with the increase of drip irrigation times. The emergence rate, yield and components of cotton of C4 treatment were higher than those of C2 and C5 treatment, and those of C6 treatment was higher than those of C3 treatment. The seedling growth and emergence of C4 treatment were the best.

新疆南疆每年冬春灌需要消耗大量水资源，为了探索棉花生育期节水控盐滴灌溉模，通过田间试验，对干播湿出膜下滴灌棉田在284mm、339mm、369mm和399mm灌溉定额下土壤水盐、CL-、棉花耗水规律和产量效应进行研究，研究表明：免冬春灌使棉田土壤盐分主要积累在0~30cm之间；284mm和339mm灌溉定额棉花出现水分胁迫，369mm和399mm的灌溉定额可满足棉花对水分的需求；土壤盐分和CL-含量具有相同的变化规律，在棉花生育期内284mm灌溉定额土壤处于积盐状态，339mm、369mm和399mm灌溉定额土壤处于脱盐状态；棉花生育期耗水峰值出现在7.30~8.20(播后93d~113d)之间。免冬春灌棉花滴灌定额369mm以上可获得较高籽棉产量。研究成果为干旱区棉田少、免冬春灌棉花膜下滴灌水盐调控技术提供参考。

新疆南疆每年冬春灌需要消耗大量水资源，为了探索棉花生育期节水控盐滴灌溉模，通过田间试验，对干播湿出膜下滴灌棉田在284mm、339mm、369mm和399mm灌溉定额下土壤水盐、CL-、棉花耗水规律和产量效应进行研究，研究表明：免冬春灌使棉田土壤盐分主要积累在0~30cm之间；284mm和339mm灌溉定额棉花出现水分胁迫，369mm和399mm的灌溉定额可满足棉花对水分的需求；土壤盐分和CL-含量具有相同的变化规律，在棉花生育期内284mm灌溉定额土壤处于积盐状态，339mm、369mm和399mm灌溉定额土壤处于脱盐状态；棉花生育期耗水峰值出现在7.30~8.20(播后93d~113d)之间。免冬春灌棉花滴灌定额369mm以上可获得较高籽棉产量。研究成果为干旱区棉田少、免冬春灌棉花膜下滴灌水盐调控技术提供参考。

以南疆棉田为研究对象，探索南疆棉田“干播湿出”条件下施用土壤改良剂促进棉种发芽出苗的方案。选用腐殖酸，微生物菌剂，蚯蚓酶氮素为土壤改良剂，共设8个试验处理，即腐殖酸(G1)微生物菌剂（G2）、蚯蚓酶氮素（G3）、腐殖酸+微生物菌剂（G4）、腐殖酸+蚯蚓酶氮素（G5）、微生物菌剂+蚯蚓酶氮素（G6）、腐殖酸+碳基酶微生物菌剂+蚯蚓酶氮素（G7）以及不施改良剂（CK）。试验通过“水肥一体技术”，在出苗水时施入不同配比组合的改良剂，研究不同处理对土壤温度、紧实度、含水率、含盐量以及出苗率的影响。试验结果表明：与对照处理相比，在0～20 cm土层盐分差异显著，各改良剂处理均有利于土壤的脱盐。在单施情况下，施腐殖酸的处理土壤含水率最高，水分动态变化最稳定；在配施情况下，G5和G6处理差异不明显，G7处理土壤含水率的整体效果最好。改良剂单施处理中施腐殖酸效果最好，较对照处理平均地温提高了2.9 ℃；配施情况下，以三种改良剂配施处理效果最好，其次是G4处理，G5和G6处理相差较小。各土壤改良剂处理土壤紧实度均小于对照，各处理差异性不显著（P>0.05）。出苗率越高，产量越高，土壤改良剂的施用均有利于棉花增产，综合分析，腐殖酸（75 kg/hm²）+碳基酶生物菌剂（75 kg/hm²）+蚯蚓酶氮素（225 kg /hm²）三者混合配施是改良土壤、促进棉种发芽出苗的最优方案。

Taking the cotton field in southern Xinjiang as the research object, this paper explored the scheme of applying soil conditioner to promote the germination and emergence of cotton seeds under the condition of dry seeding and wet emergence in the cotton field in southern Xinjiang. In this study, humic acid, microbial agents and earthworm enzyme nitrogen were selected as soil modifiers. A total of 8 experimental treatments were set up, namely humic acid (G1), microbial agents (G2), earthworm enzyme nitrogen (G3), humic acid + microbial agents (G4), humic acid + earthworm enzyme nitrogen (G5), microbial agents+ earthworm enzyme nitrogen (G6), humic acid + microbial agents + earthworm enzyme nitrogen (G7) and no modifier (CK). Through the water and fertilizer integration technology, different combinations of modifiers were applied to the seedling emergence water to study the effects of different treatments on soil temperature, compactness, water content, salt content and seedling emergence rate. The results showed that compared with the control treatment, the soil salinity in 0~20 cm soil layer was significantly different and that each treatment was beneficial to soil sesaulting. Under the condition of single application, the treatment of humic acid had the highest soil moisture content and the most stable dynamic change of soil moisture. In the case of combined application, the difference between G5 and G6 treatment was not obvious, and the overall effect of G7 treatment on soil moisture content was the best. The effect of humic acid application was the best in the single application treatment of modifier, and the average ground temperature increased by 2.9 ℃ compared with the control treatment; In the case of combined application, the combined application of three modifiers had the best effect, followed by G4 treatment, and the difference between G5 and G6 treatment was small. The soil compactness of each soil conditioner treatment was lower than that of the control, but there was no significant difference among the treatments (P>0.05). The higher the emergence rate, the higher the yield, and the application of soil conditioner was beneficial to the increase of cotton yield. Comprehensive analysis showed that the mixed application of humic acid (75 kg/hm2) + biological agents (75 kg/hm2) + earthworm enzyme nitrogen (225 kg/hm2) was the best scheme to improve the soil and promote the germination and emergence of cotton seeds.

研究不同温度环境下棉花萌发率和出苗率，探索棉花出苗适宜温度指标，为棉花高产栽培以及安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明：当温度达14 ℃及以上棉花种子萌发率、出苗率高且稳定；10 ℃处理时间越长，烂种率、烂芽率越高，出苗迟缓、出苗率越低。14 ℃是棉花种子萌发出苗的最适宜温度指标，12～14 ℃是棉花播种期适宜温度指标。

研究不同温度环境下棉花萌发率和出苗率，探索棉花出苗适宜温度指标，为棉花高产栽培以及安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明：当温度达14 ℃及以上棉花种子萌发率、出苗率高且稳定；10 ℃处理时间越长，烂种率、烂芽率越高，出苗迟缓、出苗率越低。14 ℃是棉花种子萌发出苗的最适宜温度指标，12～14 ℃是棉花播种期适宜温度指标。

【目的】研究不同播期对棉花生长影响,分析阿拉尔垦区适期早播与晚播对棉花生长造成的差异,为垦区棉花品种选择、促早栽培提供数据支持和理论依据。【方法】选用陆地棉品种J206-5,选择4月14日、4月17日、4月20日、4月23日、4月26日5个播种时间,研究播期对棉花出苗、棉苗生长、生育期、农艺性状、产量性状、干物质量及纤维品质的影响。【结果】随播期推迟,棉花出苗率增加,出苗时间缩短,苗期株高、主根长、节位、茎粗、各器官干物质量减少,生育进程减缓,生育期延长,产量降低,生殖器官进入快速积累期的时间提前,快速积累期缩短,马克隆值和成熟度下降。【结论】在阿拉尔垦区,适宜播期为4月上中旬,不宜超过4月20日;3 d膜下5 cm日平均地温≥12℃可作为棉花播种的适宜温度指标,在此条件下早播的棉花生长优势明显,易于形成产量,提高棉花纤维品质,宜采用中熟品种,晚播宜采用熟性较早的品种。

【Objective】 To clarify the differences between appropriately early-sowed and late sowing on cotton growth in Aral Reclamation area through the study of the effects of diffeent sowing dates on cotton growth in the hope of providing data support and theoretical basis for cotton variety selection and promoting early cultivation in Aral Reclamation Area. 【Methods】 In this project, J206-5 was taken as the material,five sowing dates were selected: April 14, April 17, April 20, April 23 and April 26, to study the effects of sowing date on emergence rate, seedling growth, growth duration, agronomic traits, yield characters, dry matter quality and fiber characteristics of cotton. 【Results】 With the delay of sowing date, the emergence rate of cotton was increased and the emergence time shortened, and the plant height, taproot length, node, stem diameter and dry matter quality of various organs were decreased, the growth process was slowed, the growth period was prolonged, the yield was decreased, the time of the reproductive organs to enter the rapid accumulation period was advanced, the rapid accumulation period was shortened, and the Micronaire value and maturity were decreased. 【Conclusion】 In Aral Reclamation Area, the suitable sowing date is in early and middle of April, earlier than April 20. The daily average ground temperature of 5 cm under film for 3 days ≥ 12 ℃ can be used as the appropriate temperature index for cotton sowing. Under these conditions, the early sowing cotton has obvious growth advantages, which is beneficial to formation of yield and improvement of fiber quality. Medium mature varieties should be selected for early sowing and early maturity varieties should be used for late sowing.

【目的】新疆膜下滴灌棉田普遍采用干土播种、滴水出苗技术,将棉花传统漫灌栽培条件下需要兼顾土壤墒情和气温状况转变为仅关注播期温度条件。论文根据棉花播种出苗对气温的要求,选择不同时期不同温度条件下播种,观测膜下滴灌棉花播种出苗及幼苗生长状况,分析播期温度变化对出苗率、苗期生长发育的影响及收获期产量的变化,为膜下滴灌棉花确定播种条件、实现一播全苗和培育壮苗提供理论依据。【方法】通过记载播种前气温及土壤温度的变化,以棉花种子发芽、出苗的生物学下限温度为最早播期,设置3—4个播期,调查不同播期下棉花出苗率,测定苗期株高、子叶节高度等形态指标和植株干物质累积量等,明确不同温度条件下播种对膜下滴灌棉花出苗和壮苗指标的影响。【结果】播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度18.7℃条件下棉花出苗速度快且出苗率最高;与温度较低条件下的早播相比,膜下5 cm土壤温度达24.7℃的晚播棉花出苗期至3叶期植株株高提高3.52%—8.64%、子叶节高度提高8.82%—20.59%、总根长增长1.79%—6.59%、比根长提高14.84%—25.93%;播前3 d膜下5 cm土壤温度9.5℃早播条件下,根干物质累积量较高、根冠比较大。【结论】棉花播前3 d平均气温稳定通过13.8℃—15.7℃,播后1周气温在16℃—18℃,出苗率可达90%以上;但平均气温在6.7℃—14.1℃、膜下5 cm平均地温9.5℃—17.6℃条件下播种,出苗至3叶期平均气温在18.5℃—19.5℃、有效积温在110℃— 120℃,棉花幼苗单位株高干物质累积量较高,根系生长量大,幼苗健壮,单株结铃多,铃重较高。因此,适温早播为棉花产量形成奠定良好基础。

【Objective】Dry soil seeding with drip irrigation are widely used in field cotton in Xinjiang. And only seedling temperature has to be considered under dry soil seedling with drip irrigation. In this paper, according to the temperature requirement of cotton seedling, cotton was sown under different temperature conditions and different sowing dates. The emergence rate, seedling growth condition and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation were observed. The effects of sowing conditions on emergence rate, growth states and development of yield in harvest period were analyzed to provide theoretical basis for cultivating strong seedlings of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.【Method】According to the changes of air temperature and soil temperature, 3-4 sowing dates were set up. The earliest sowing date was based on the biological low temperature for cotton seeds germination and emergence. The morphological indexes, such as emergence rate, seedling height, cotyledon node height and total dry weight, were determined to demonstrate the effects of sowing under different temperature conditions on seedling indexes in cotton.【Result】Under “5 cm deep-18.7℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the germinate rate and emergence rate were the highest. Compared with early sowing at lower temperature treatment, the plant height under “5 cm deep-24.7℃-late sowing” condition was 3.52%-8.64% higher during seedling to three -leaf stage, the height of cotyledon section was 8.82%-20.59% higher, the total root length was 1.79%-6.59% longer, and the root length was 14.84%-25.93% greater. Under “5 cm deep-9.5℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the root dry matter accumulation was higher, and the ratio of root to shoot was the maximum.【Conclusion】Under “5 cm deep-3 days before sowing” condition steady passage 13.8℃-15.7℃, if the average temperature was in 16℃-18℃ after sowing 1 week, the cotton seedling emergence rate could be more than 90%. But if the air temperature was in 6.7℃-14.1℃ under “5 cm deep-9.5℃-17.6℃-3 days before sowing” condition, the average temperature was 18.5℃-19.5℃ and air accumulated temperature was in 110℃-120℃ during the emergence stage to trilobites stage, the unit of cotton seedling dry matter accumulation would be larger with stronger root and increasing boll number and single boll weight. Therefore, earlier sowing could support a good foundation for cotton yield.