新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(1): 184-189 DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.01.020

农产品分析检测·林业·农业信息·植物保护

新疆荒漠绿洲区大麦田阔叶杂草化学防除药效评价

沈煜洋,1, 王仙2, 陈利1, 郭小玲3, 苗雨3, 董裕生3, 陈智军3, 方伏荣2, 向莉,3, 高海峰,1

1.新疆农业科学院植物保护研究所/农业农村部西北荒漠绿洲作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/农业部库尔勒作物有害生物科学观测实验站,乌鲁木齐 830091

2.新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所/农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091

3.新疆农业科学院奇台麦类试验站,新疆奇台 831800

Evaluation of chemical efficacy of broadleaf weed control in barley fields in the desert oasis area of Xinjiang

SHEN Yuyang,1, WANG Xian2, CHEN Li1, GUO Xiaoling3, MIAO Yu3, DONG Yusheng3, CHEN Zhijun3, FANG Furong2, XIANG Li,3, GAO Haifeng,1

1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis,MOARA / Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of MOARA in Korla /Institute of Plant Protection,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091, China

2. Key Laboratory of Desert Oasis Crop Physiology,Ecology and Tillage,MOARA / Institute of Food Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China

3. Qitai Triticeae Crops Experiment Station,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qitai Xinjiang 830012,China

通讯作者: 高海峰(1983-),男,河南人,研究员,研究方向为粮食作物病虫草害防治,(E-mail)ghf20044666@163.com;向莉(1984-),女,新疆人,高级农艺师,硕士,研究方向为大麦遗传育种与栽培,(E-mail)44340471@qq.com

收稿日期: 2023-05-10  

基金资助: 国家大麦青稞产业技术体系(CARS-05-20B)
新疆农业科学院青年科技骨干创新能力培养项目(xjnkq-2020012)
新疆维吾尔自治区公益性科研院所基本科研业务经费项目(KY2022026)

Corresponding authors: GAO Haifeng(1983-),male,research fellow. research area:integrated control of diseases,pests and weeds for grain crops,(E-mail)ghf20044666@163.com;XIANG Li(1984-),female,native of Fuhai,Xinjiang,Senior agronomist,Master,research direction:barley genetics,breeding and cultivation,(E-mail)44340471@qq.com

Received: 2023-05-10  

Fund supported: National Barley and Highland Barley Industry Technology System Project(CARS-05-20B)
Innovation Ability Training Project for Young Sci-Tech Backbone Talents Sponsored by Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(xjnkq-2020012)
Project of Basic Scientific R &D Program of Public Welfare Research Institutions of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(KY2022026)

作者简介 About authors

沈煜洋(1993-),男,甘肃人,助研,硕士,研究方向为粮食作物病虫草害防治,(E-mail)sansirosoul@163.com

摘要

【目的】筛选对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好防效的除草剂,为荒漠绿洲生态区安全高效应用除草剂提供依据。【方法】采用随机区组的方法,调查各药剂处理小区的杂草株数和地上部分鲜质量,评价供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果及安全性。【结果】药后50 d,20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对阔叶杂草灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效和鲜质量防效较好,防效分别为90.87%~96.02%和94.15%~98.08%,各处理株防效和鲜质量防效之间均无显著性差异。【结论】20%双氟·氟氯酯WG、10%双唑草酮OD、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC和75%苯磺隆WG可防除大麦田灰绿藜、卷茎蓼等阔叶杂草,且对大麦生长安全,可在大田合理轮换使用。

关键词： 荒漠绿洲区; 大麦; 阔叶杂草; 除草剂; 药效评价

Abstract

【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to screen herbicides with good efficacy against broadleaf weeds in barley fields and provide a basis for safe and efficient application of herbicides in desert oasis ecological zones. 【Methods】 A randomized block design was conducted to this study and the number of weed plants and the fresh mass of above-ground parts in each treatment plot were investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of the test agents on broadleaf weeds and the safety of the barley plants in barley fields. 【Results】 50 d after herbicides application,20% florasulam- halauxifen-methyl WG 19.50 g/hm2,10% bipyrazone OD 37.50 g/hm2,200 g/L fluroxypyr EC 210.00 g/hm2,22% bipyrazone-fluroxypyr 165.00 g/hm2,50% MCPA-isooctyl-fluroxypyr-florasulam SC 450.00 g/hm2,87.5% 2,4-D isooctyl ester EC 577.50 g/hm2,25% bormoxynil octanoate EC 562.50 g/hm2 and 75% tribenuron methyl WG 22.50 g/hm2 all had great control effects of the quantity and fresh weight of weeds on Chenopodium glaucum with the range from 90.87% to 96.02% and on Fallopia convolvulus with the range from 94.15% to 98.08%. There was no significant difference between the treatment strains and fresh quality. 【Conclusion】 20% florasulam- halauxifen-methyl WG,10% bipyrazone OD,200 g/L fluroxypyr EC,22% bipyrazone-fluroxypyr OD,50% MCPA-isooctyl-fluroxypyr-florasulam SC,87.5% 2,4-D isooctyl ester EC,25% bormoxynil octanoate EC and 75% tribenuron methyl WG have the capability to control broadleaf weeds like Chenopodium glaucum and Polygonum capitatum in barley fields,and it is safe for barley growth and can be used in reasonable rotation in barley fields.

Keywords： desert-oasis area; barley; broadleaf weed; herbicide; control effect evaluation

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本文引用格式

沈煜洋, 王仙, 陈利, 郭小玲, 苗雨, 董裕生, 陈智军, 方伏荣, 向莉, 高海峰. 新疆荒漠绿洲区大麦田阔叶杂草化学防除药效评价[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(1): 184-189 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.01.020

SHEN Yuyang, WANG Xian, CHEN Li, GUO Xiaoling, MIAO Yu, DONG Yusheng, CHEN Zhijun, FANG Furong, XIANG Li, GAO Haifeng. Evaluation of chemical efficacy of broadleaf weed control in barley fields in the desert oasis area of Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(1): 184-189 DOI:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.01.020

0 引言

【研究意义】大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)是重要的谷类作物之一,具有早熟、耐旱、抗盐碱、耐瘠薄等优良特性[1]。大麦是我国重要的饲料作物和保健食品原料之一,也是啤酒产业的主要工业原料[2]。新疆全年大麦播种面积可达25 000 hm2左右[3]。由于大麦田杂草与其争夺空间、光照、水分、营养等造成干物质积累受阻及产量损失。在大麦出苗前或与大麦同时萌发的杂草比后期萌发的杂草具有更强的资源争夺能力,需要采取防除措施控制杂草危害[4]。人工除草方式效率低,成本高,化学药剂防除是控制大麦田杂草危害有效措施。【前人研究进展】内蒙古饲用大麦田杂草群落主要以灰菜、猪毛菜、苦菜为主[5]。顾江涛等[6]开展了江淮地区大麦田除草剂筛选试验,发现55 g/L双氟·唑嘧磺草胺悬浮剂150 mL/hm2对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好的防除效果,总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为98.58%和98.77%。Bhullar等[7]研究发现大麦品种和杂草管理措施间存在互作,乙基氟吡甲禾灵和甲基甲磺隆对防治大麦田阔叶杂草效果较好。郭翔等[8]研究了大麦对新型除草剂丙酯草醚的敏感性,发现处理初期大麦幼苗对100 mg/L丙酯草醚敏感,加大浓度对大麦幼苗不安全。【本研究切入点】目前大麦田专用除草剂研究较少,尚未有产品出现,其他作物上登记的除草剂虽在大麦田应用,但对防除效果和安全性评价报道较少。需筛选对大麦田杂草具有较好防效的药剂,建立高效、低毒、环境友好型且持效期长的防控技术。【拟解决的关键问题】筛选出对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好防效的除草剂,为新疆荒漠绿洲生态区大麦田阔叶杂草的防控提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

试验地设在新疆奇台县新疆农业科学院奇台麦类试验站(E 89°12',N 44°13',海拔823 m),前茬作物为小麦,壤土,pH值为7.23,土壤肥力中等,栽培管理条件一致。2021年9月10日秋翻整地时施入磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2,2022年3月30日耙地、旋地各1遍。大麦品种为甘啤8号,试验于4月8日播种,播种量为270 kg/hm2,播种时施入种肥磷酸二铵225 kg/hm2,4月20日、5月9日分别追施尿素120、75 kg/hm2。除草剂施药时间是2022年5月12日,施药时大麦处于分蘖期。大麦试验田主要为阔叶杂草为灰绿藜、卷茎蓼等。使用3 WBD-20型喷雾器,二次稀释配药,药液量为450 kg/hm2。滴灌浇水,共灌水9次,滴水时间分别为4月12日、4月20日、4月28日、5月9日、5月20日、6月1日、6月12日、6月23日和7月3日。

供试除草剂:20%双氟·氟氯酯水分散粒剂(美国陶氏益农公司);10%双唑草酮可分散油悬浮剂(江苏清原农冠杂草防治有限公司);200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油(山东绿霸化工股份有限公司);22%氟吡·双唑酮可分散油悬浮剂(江苏清原农冠杂草防治有限公司);50% 2甲·氯·双氟悬浮剂(江苏清原农冠杂草防治有限公司);87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯乳油(大连松辽化工有限公司);25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油(江苏瑞邦农化股份有限公司);75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂(江苏瑞邦农化股份有限公司)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 试验设计

试验共设9个处理,处理随机区组排列,3次重复,小区面积30 m2,小区间设保护行。表1

表1   试验设计

Tab.1  Experiment design

处理
Treat-
ment		药剂
Herbicides		用量
Dosage
(g/hm2)
120%双氟·氟氯酯WG19.50
210%双唑草酮OD37.50
3200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC210.00
422%氟吡·双唑酮OD165.00
550% 2甲·氯·双氟SC450.00
687.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC577.50
725%辛酰溴苯腈EC562.50
875%苯磺隆WG22.50
9空白对照(CK)-

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1.2.2 测定指标

施药当天调查杂草的种类和数量,施药后7、15 d目测观察各药剂处理对大麦生长的影响,施药后35 d调查杂草的种类和数量,施药后50 d调查杂草的种类和数量,并称量其地上部分鲜质量,计算株防效和鲜质量防效。

1.3 数据处理

试验数据在Excel中统计计算,利用SPSS Statistics 22.0软件进行方差分析,用Duncan's法进行处理间显著性分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 供试药剂对大麦的安全性

研究表明,各药剂处理区与清水对照区大麦在叶色、株高等方面均无差异,各供试药剂对大麦生长安全,无药害。

2.2 供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草灰绿藜的防除效果

研究表明,药后35 d,不同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草灰绿藜的防效较好,其中50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2和200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2对灰绿藜的株防效分别为88.21%、87.93%、87.18%、87.03%和86.46%,75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2和25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2对灰绿藜的株防效分别为83.69%、79.83%和77.44%,各处理株防效之间无显著性差异。表2

表2   不同处理下灰绿藜的防除效果对比

Tab.2  The control effect of different treatments on Chenopodium glaucum

处理
Treat-
ment		药后35 d
35 days after
treatment		药后50 d
50 days after
treatment
株防效
Control
effect(%)		株防效
Control
effect(%)		鲜质量防效
Fresh Weight
control effect
(%)
187.03 ± 2.07a94.87 ± 1.00a97.17 ± 1.23a
287.18 ± 3.38a93.76 ± 2.12a96.35 ± 1.63a
386.46 ± 3.19a97.98 ± 2.02a99.10 ± 0.90a
487.93 ± 3.37a94.58 ± 3.09a97.92 ± 1.79a
588.21 ± 2.31a96.37 ± 2.46a98.06 ± 1.39a
679.83 ± 3.36a93.70 ± 3.15a96.64 ± 1.88a
777.44 ± 3.33a91.70 ± 1.63a96.96 ± 0.52a
883.69 ± 2.11a86.96 ± 0.98a95.62 ± 1.97a
9---

注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同

Note:Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference(P<0.05),the same as below

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药后50 d同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草灰绿藜具有较好的株防效和鲜质量防效,其中50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2和25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2对灰绿藜的株防效为91.70%~97.98%,75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对灰绿藜的株防效为86.96%,各处理株防效之间无显著性差异。50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对灰绿藜的鲜质量防效为95.62%~99.10%,各处理鲜质量防效之间无显著性差异。表2

2.3 供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草卷茎蓼的防除效果

研究表明,药后35 d,不同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草卷茎蓼的防效较好,其中200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2和10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2对卷茎蓼的株防效为81.51%~83.91%,20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对卷茎蓼的株防效为71.89%~76.93%,各处理株防效之间无显著性差异。

药后50 d,不同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草卷茎蓼具有较好的株防效和鲜质量防效,其中20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对卷茎蓼的株防效和鲜质量防效分别为86.51%~96.66%和93.63%~98.12%,各处理株防效和鲜质量防效之间均无显著性差异。表3

表3   不同处理下卷茎蓼的防除效果对比

Tab.3  The control effect of different treatments on Fallopia convolvulus

处理
Treat-
ment		药后35 d
35 days after
treatment		药后50 d
50 days after
treatment
株防效
Control
effect(%)		株防效
Control
effect(%)		鲜质量防效
Fresh Weight
control effect
(%)
176.14 ± 7.80a96.43 ± 1.79a95.30 ± 3.74a
281.51 ± 6.85a92.61 ± 1.71a93.63 ± 1.37a
383.91 ± 4.42a92.30 ± 4.21a94.52 ± 2.74a
471.89 ± 6.95a86.51 ± 6.75a94.51 ± 2.75a
581.64 ± 6.11a96.48 ± 3.52a98.12 ± 1.88a
673.25 ± 5.54a91.56 ± 2.50a94.63 ± 1.43a
783.17 ± 5.52a96.66 ± 1.99a97.43 ± 1.46a
876.93 ± 2.50a94.96 ± 5.04a95.93 ± 4.07a
9---

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2.4 供试药剂对大麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果

研究表明,药后35 d,不同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好的防效,其中20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对阔叶杂草的株防效为76.47%~84.75%,各处理株防效之间无显著性差异。

药后50 d,不同药剂处理对大麦田阔叶杂草具有较好的株防效和鲜质量防效,其中20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效分别为90.87%~96.02%和94.15%~98.08%,各处理株防效和鲜质量防效之间均无显著性差异。表4

表4   不同处理下阔叶杂草的防除效果对比

Tab.4  The control effect of different treatments on broadleaf weeds

处理
Treat-
ment		药后35 d
35 days after
treatment		药后50 d
50 days after
treatment
株防效
Control
effect(%)		株防效
Control
effect(%)		鲜质量防效
Fresh Weight
control effect
(%)
183.08 ± 4.18a95.14 ± 0.25a95.74 ± 2.94a
284.05 ± 4.69a92.90 ± 1.80a94.15 ± 1.00a
384.75 ± 1.61a95.17 ± 2.42a95.17 ± 2.42a
481.03 ± 5.59a91.04 ± 3.53a94.93 ± 2.50a
584.64 ± 4.43a96.02 ± 3.06a98.08 ± 1.81a
676.47 ± 2.03a92.45 ± 2.49a94.80 ± 1.29a
781.51 ± 4.46a94.38 ± 1.83a97.39 ± 1.31a
879.88 ± 2.51a90.87 ± 3.34a95.81 ± 3.80a
9---

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3 讨论

3.1 王燕等[9]调查了20%双氟·氟氯酯WG对奇台县春小麦田灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效分别为88.15%和89.22%,而研究也发现20%双氟·氟氯酯WG对大麦田阔叶杂草灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效较好,大麦田除草剂筛选可借鉴小麦。双唑草酮是新型HPPD抑制剂类除草剂,其作用于小麦田阔叶杂草效果良好[10],对三叶一心期至拔节前的小麦安全性优异。与氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯复配后杀草谱扩大,且与2,4-滴异辛酯等激素类除草剂不存在交互抗性。施毅等[11]在晋北地区对燕麦田阔叶除草剂进行了筛选,发现氯氟吡氧乙酸药后30 d株防效对阔叶杂草的株防效为88.7%,与研究中大麦田的试验结果一致。双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯复配在小麦田除草效果已有研究,结果表明,该复配剂对特定杂草的杀灭活性均为加成作用,在小麦田喷施安全,且对后茬玉米、大豆、棉花等作物的安全性良好,长势正常[12-13]。2,4-滴异辛酯是近年来用于玉米、大豆等禾本科作物田用来替代2,4-滴丁酯的一种苯氧羧酸类除草剂,对鸭跖草、反枝苋、灰绿藜、苘麻等阔叶杂草防效良好,对小麦品质无显著影响[14-15],试验表明其可用于大麦田茎叶喷雾防除阔叶杂草,且效果较好。

3.2 测定了辛酰溴苯腈对小麦田阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿两种阔叶杂草的株防效,药后30 d防除效果为88.32%,而研究发现其对大麦田阔杂草的株防效为83.17%,两者防效相当[16]。袁卉馥等[17]报道了75%苯磺隆WG对荞麦田阔叶杂草藜具有较好的防效,与研究该药剂对大麦田灰绿藜的防除效果相一致。试验开展过程中受随机选取的试验地阔叶杂草均匀度的影响,未能评价供试药剂对本地区大麦田常发的田旋花、反枝苋、播娘蒿等阔叶杂草的防治效果。因此后续还需对本地区大麦田阔叶杂草群落结构、发生规律等进行详细调查,并开展土壤处理、植保无人机飞防、除草剂减施及添加增效剂等对大麦田优势阔叶杂草防效的研究,进一步减少除草剂的使用量,保障大麦安全可持续生产。

4 结论

20%双氟·氟氯酯WG 19.50 g/hm2、10%双唑草酮OD 37.50 g/hm2、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 210.00 g/hm2、22%氟吡·双唑酮OD 165.00 g/hm2、50% 2甲·氯·双氟SC 450.00 g/hm2、87.5% 2,4-滴异辛酯EC 577.50 g/hm2、25%辛酰溴苯腈EC 562.50 g/hm2和75%苯磺隆WG 22.50 g/hm2对阔叶杂草灰绿藜和卷茎蓼的株防效和鲜质量防效较好,防效分别为90.87%~96.02%和94.15%~98.08%,且对大麦生长安全,可在生产上轮换使用。

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