Abstract: 【Objective】 Since the introduction of long-staple cotton from Central Asia in 1953, Xinjiang has accounted for more than 30% of the total output in the world, among which the new varieties have played a pillar role in industrial development. This paper aims to analyze the progress and existing problems of the cultivars since the introduction in the hope of clarifying the development context of Xinjiang long-staple cotton breeding in various periods, exploring the issues and solutions of the current variety technology, and breeding work for some time in the future. Prospects are made to provide technical reference for the development of new varieties in the future. 【Methods】 A total of 74 long-staple cotton cultivars cultivated in Xinjiang in different periods were used as research materials. And through 6 years of multi-planting in the field, the obtained data were combined with literature we got and then went through collation, statistics and analysis. 【Results】 In the past 66 years, 74 new varieties of long-staple cotton with excellent comprehensive traits have been bred in Xinjiang. The main economic characteristics of the main cultivars have been improved significantly, and the breeding techniques have been continuously enhanced to ensure the production needs in different periods. At the same time, there are outstanding problems such as plant type, single quality type, lack of high-yield and stable-yielding varieties, urgent improvement of applicability, and backward development of modern biological breeding technology. It is proposed that the development of long-staple cotton should be based on the accurate identification of germplasm resources in the coming period, aiming at the introduction and utilization of breakthrough resources, continuously expanding the sources of backbone parents, and strengthening the research and utilization of modern biological breeding techniques, in order to cultivate new varieties. Provide support. 【Conclusion】 In the future, long-staple cotton breeding should focus on the new situation facing the development of the industry, pay attention to balancing the economic interests of the major components of the industrial chain, and establish breeding goals. In those times, breeding should focus on improving the high yield and stability of the variety under the premise of ensuring quality. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the improvement of disease resistance, insect, inverse protection and other traits in order to better promote the overall goal of breeding.