不同培肥模式对灵武长枣种植园土壤特性和果实品质与产量的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的研究灵武长枣优质高效的培肥措施,提高果实品质和果实产量。方法采用行间生草与树盘覆盖交叉处理,生草草种选用白三叶和黑麦草,树盘处理采用覆盖园艺地布、覆盖稻草、清耕3种模式,以全园清耕为对照,测定枣园果实性状及其产量,分析不同培肥模式对灵武长枣种植园土壤特性和果实性状的影响。结果与全园清耕相比,行间种植黑麦草、树盘覆盖稻草组合模式可增加果实纵径、提高果实硬度(2.22%)及其产量(38.01%)。行间种植白三叶、树盘覆盖稻草组合模式可有效提高坐果率(66.17%)、可溶性固形物含量(21.95%)和类黄酮含量(29.79%);行间种植黑麦草、树盘覆盖稻草组合模式可降低土壤容重,增加土壤整体孔隙度。行间种植白三叶、树盘覆盖园艺地布组合模式可提高0~20 cm土层的速效磷含量17.68 mg/kg,土壤整体碱解氮含量增加53.44 mg/kg、土壤孔隙度提高了0.09%。行间种植白三叶、树盘覆盖稻草组合模式可提高土壤碱解氮含量52.78 mg/kg、增加土壤整体有效磷含量1.78 mg/kg。结论行间种植白三叶、树盘覆盖稻草和行间种植黑麦草、树盘覆盖园艺地布2种组合模式可提高灵武长枣果实品质。“黑麦草+稻草”模式降低土壤容重、增加土壤整体孔隙度;“白三叶+稻草”模式提高土壤速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮含量。

关键词: 灵武长枣; 土壤培肥; 土壤特性; 果实性状; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To select high quality and efficient fertilizer cultivation measures for Ziziphus jujube cv. Lingwuchangzao and improve the fruit quality and fruit yield. 【Methods】 The cross treatment of inter-row planting grass and tree disk cover were used. This paper studied the effects of different fertilization patterns on the soil characteristics and fruit characteristics of Lingwuchangzao plantation. Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. were selected as the grass species. The tree disk mulching treatment adopted three modes: covering horticultural ground cloth, covering straw and tree disk clearing and tillage. The garden clear tillage was taken as contrast, the effects of different fertilization patterns on soil characteristics and fruit characters of Lingwuchangzao Plantation were analyzed by measuring the fruit characters and yield of jujube plantation. 【Results】 The results showed that: (1) Compared with the "whole garden clear tillage" pattern, the inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns could increase the vertical diameter of fruit, increase the hardness of fruit (2.22%) and its yield (38.01%). Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination patterns could effectively improve the fruit setting rate (66.17%), soluble solids content (21.95%) and flavonoids content (29.79%); (2) Inter-row planting with Lolium perenne L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity. Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk covering gardening ground could increase available P content by 17.68 mg/kg in 0-20 cm soil layer, alkali hydrolyzed N content by 53.44 mg/kg and soil porosity by 0.09%. Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination patterns could increase the content of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen by 52.78 mg/kg and the content of total available phosphorus by 1.78 mg/kg. 【Conclusion】 The fruit quality of Lingwuchangzao can be improved by the combination of inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns, inter-row planting pattern with Lolium perenne L. and tree disk covering gardening ground. It can be concluded that in the practical production the "Lolium perenne L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns" model can be adopted to reduce soil bulk density and increase soil overall porosity. The contents of available potassium, available P and alkali-hydrolyzed N in soil are increased by the "inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination pattern" model.

Key words: Ziziphus jujube cv. Lingwuchangzao; soil nutrient; soil characteristics; fruit trait; yield

中图分类号:

S665.1

陆亚楠, 高露, 杨勇, 万仲武, 宋丽华. 不同培肥模式对灵武长枣种植园土壤特性和果实品质与产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2021, 58(12): 2282-2299.

LU Yanan, GAO Lu, YANG Yang, WAN Zhongwu, SONG Lihua. Effects of Different Fertilization Models on Soil Characteristics and Fruit Characters of Ziziphus jujube cv. Lingwuchangzao[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 58(12): 2282-2299.

图/表 22

表1 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤pH的变化

Table 1 Changes of soil pH in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization models

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
pH	0~20	0.12±0.003^ab	0.07±0.004^bc	-0.01±0.003^cd	0.07±0.003^bc	0.04±0.003^c	0.14±0.003^a	-0.04±0.003^d
	20~40	-0.12±0.004^cd	-0.07±0.006^cd	0.07±0.006^a	-0.04±0.002^bc	-0.14±0.006^d	0.04±0.004^ab	-0.07±0.003^cd
	40~60	0.07±0.004^b	-0.15±0.002^c	-0.10±0.003^c	0.05±0.002^b	0.25±0.005^a	0.03±0.003^b	-0.10±0.002^c
	0~60	0.02±0.001^bc	-0.05±0.001^d	-0.01±0.002^c	0.02±0.005^bc	0.05±0.017^ab	0.07±0.006^a	-0.07±0.004^d

表2 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤容重变化

Table 2 Changes of soil bulk density in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization models

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
容重 (g/cm³)	0~20	-0.08±0.002^d	-0.07±0.001^d	-0.07±0.001^d	0.04±0.001^b	-0.09±0.002^d	-0.05±0.002^c	0.10±0.0001^a
	20~40	-0.11±0.001^c	-0.06±0.002^b	-0.04±0.001^b	0.02±0.001^a	-0.17±0.004^d	-0.17±0.003^d	0.06±0.001^a
	0~40	-0.09±0.002^d	-0.06±0.002^c	-0.06±0.002^c	0.03±0.002^b	-0.13±0.006^e	-0.11±0.007^d	0.08±0.003^a

表3 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤孔隙度变化

Table 3 Changes of soil porosity in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization models

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
孔隙度 (%)	0~20	0.07±0.001^a	0.02±0.001^b	0.06±0.002^ab	0.03±0.001^ab	0.06±0.004^ab	0.05±0.002^ab	-0.09±0.002^c
	20~40	0.11±0.002^b	0.01±0.001^c	0.03±0.001^c	0.02±0.001^c	0.10±0.002^b	0.15±0.003^a	-0.03±0.001^d
	0~40	0.09±0.002^a	0.02±0.001^b	0.04±0.002^b	0.02±0.002^b	0.08±0.003^a	0.10±0.006^a	-0.06±0.004^c

表4 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤碱解氮含量变化

Table 4 Changes of N in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization modes

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
碱解氮 (mg/kg)	0~20	56.67±1.15^a	18.33±1.53^c	26.00±1.46^b	-11.67±1.53^e	-14.00±1.00^e	1.67±0.08^d	-14.00±1.00^e
	20~40	39.67±2.52^c	70.00±0.03^a	14.00±0.02^e	-2.67±0.02^f	21.67±1.53^d	42.00±0.04^b	-14.00±0.03^g
	40~60	64.00±0.04^b	70.00±0.02^a	24.67±1.53^e	-14.00±0.02^f	43.67±0.58^c	29.33±0.58^d	-14.00±0.02^f
	0~60	53.44±1.90^a	52.78±1.84^a	21.56±2.00^c	-9.44±1.29^e	17.11±1.22^d	24.33±1.90^b	-14.00±0.50^f

表5 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤有效磷含量变化

Table 5 Changes of P in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization models

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
有效磷 (mg/kg)	0~20	17.68±0.82^a	-17.54±0.98^g	-6.88±0.85^e	-16.10±0.52^f	9.10±0.60^c	6.02±1.02^d	13.99±0.70^b
	20~40	-27.88±0.91^e	19.97±0.88^a	9.02±0.23^b	-47.83±0.71^g	-35.58±0.86^f	-4.09±0.76^c	-16.54±0.65^d
	40~60	-0.36±0.01^b	1.58±0.26^a	-24.13±0.59^e	-23.50±1.07^e	-27.30±0.46^f	-12.67±0.64^c	-16.60±0.51^d
	0~60	-3.52±0.88^b	1.34±0.26^a	-7.33±0.37^d	-29.14±0.39^f	-17.93±0.59^e	-3.58±0.13^b	-6.38±0.29^c

表6 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤速效钾含量变化

Table 6 Changes of K in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization modes

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
速效钾 (mg/kg)	0~20	-34.39±0.51^e	-26.45±1.90^d	16.76±1.07^a	-49.82±0.25^g	-18.28±2.30^c	-40.23±1.01^f	-3.52±0.43^b
	20~40	-41.82±1.04^f	-30.71±1.43^d	-23.55±0.10^c	-39.48±0.32^e	-6.66±0.80^b	-24.80±1.58^c	7.14±0.70^a
	40~60	-55.77±0.19^g	-1.11±0.06^c	-12.81±0.43^d	-34.71±0.27^e	1.94±0.15^b	-43.38±1.25^f	23.78±1.38^a
	0~60	-43.99±1.42^g	-19.42±1.91^d	-6.53±1.09^b	-41.34±1.70^f	-7.67±1.88^c	-36.14±1.69^e	9.13±0.95^a

表7 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣园土壤有机质含量变化

Table 7 Changes of soil organic matter content in Lingwuchangzao plantation under different fertilization models

项目	土层深度 (cm)	BY	BD	BQ	HY	HD	HQ	CK
有机质 (g/kg)	0~20	-0.42±0.08^b	-6.44±0.06^d	-7.71±0.73^d	-3.47±0.78^c	-3.22±0.96^c	2.88±0.47^a	-1.10±0.15^b
	20~40	-4.75±0.15^d	-4.41±0.06^cd	-8.39±0.25^e	-3.14±0.64^c	-8.22±0.39^e	-1.78±0.44^b	1.70±0.03^a
	40~60	-6.53±0.59^d	-5.85±0.01^cd	-6.19±0.65^cd	-5.42±0.15^cd	-4.92±0.59^bc	-3.64±0.29^b	4.24±0.29^a
	0~60	-3.90±0.82^c	-5.57±0.18^e	-7.43±0.34^f	-4.01±0.31^c	-5.45±0.28^d	-0.85±0.01^b	1.61±0.35^a

图1 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣纵径变化

Fig.1 Effect of different fertilization modes on the Vertical diameter of Lingwuchangzao

图2 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣横径变化

Fig.2 Effect of different fertilization models on horizontal diameter of Lingwuchangzao

图3 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣果实鲜重变化

Fig.3 Effects of different fertilization models on fresh weight of Lingwuchangzao Fruit

Fig.4 Effect of different fertilization modes on dry weight of Lingwuchangzao Fruit

图5 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣含水率变化

Fig.5 Effect of different fertilization models on water content of Lingwuchangzao

图6 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣硬度变化

Fig.6 Effect of different fertilization models on the hardness of Lingwuchangzao

图7 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣着色变化

Fig.7 Effects of different fertilization models on the color of Lingwuchangzao

图8 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣可溶性固形物变化

Fig.8 Effects of different fertilization models on soluble solids of Lingwuchangzao

图9 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣可溶性糖变化

Fig.9 Effects of different fertilization models on soluble sugar of Lingwuchangzao

图10 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣VC含量变化

Fig.10 Effect of different fertilization modes on VC content of Lingwuchangzao

图11 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣可滴定酸含量变化

Fig.11 Effect of different fertilization models on titratable acid content of Lingwuchangzao

图12 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣花色素苷含量变化

Fig.12 Effect of different fertilization models on anthocyanin content of Lingwuchangzao

图13 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣类黄酮含量变化

Fig.13 Effects of different fertilization models on flavonoid content of Lingwuchangzao

图14 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣坐果率变化

Fig.14 Effects of different fertilization models on fruit setting rate of Lingwuchangzao

图15 不同培肥模式下灵武长枣产量变化

Fig.15 effect of different fertilization models on the yield of Lingwuchangzao

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