减氮配施有机肥对滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.06.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究减氮条件下新疆滴灌小麦高产高效的调控途径,分析滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的调控效应,为新疆滴灌春小麦的高产优质栽培提供科学依据。【方法】设置不同减氮配施有机肥处理,采用裂区设计,氮素为主区,品种为副区;于2019年在田间滴灌条件下设置7种减氮配施有机肥水平(N_CK、N₅、N₁₀、N₁₅、N₂₀、N₂₅、N₀),比较分析不同减氮配施有机肥处理条件下,强筋小麦新春38号和中筋小麦新春49号的花后同化物转运及籽粒灌浆特性的变化。【结果】在灌浆期内,花后干物质(茎、叶)随灌浆期推进呈先升后降趋势,峰值出现在花后14 d,而穗干物质则呈逐渐增大的变化。随减氮配施有机肥程度增加,2个品种的花后干物质积累、花后干物质转移率、花后贡献率、粒重及灌浆各参数均呈现先增后减的趋势,在N₁₅处理下各指标均达到最优值,N₁₅>N₂₀>N₂₅>N₁₀>N₅>N_CK>N₀。2个品种的快速累积持续时间(t₂~t₁)、平均灌浆速率(V_mean)、最大灌浆速率(V_max)与粒重间均存在显著关系,且平均灌浆速率与粒重间的直接效应最大,2个品种的直接通径系数为1.034 7和0.957 3。在N₁₅处理下, V_mean相比其它处理分别增长了1.92%～30.58%(新春38号),1.02%～27.93%(新春49号)。【结论】在减氮配施有机肥处理下,以N₁₅处理(85%N+15%有机肥)的花后干物质积累量、花后转运率及贡献率最高,籽粒粒重最高,与之相关的灌浆各参数表现最优,即N₁₅处理为最优配比组合。

关键词: 滴灌春小麦; 减氮配施有机肥; 花后同化物转运; 灌浆特性; 粒重

Abstract: 【Objective】 Drip irrigation wheat is a cultivation model of efficient use of water and fertilizer for densely planted crops, and is the main cultivation technology of wheat in Xinjiang. This project aims to investigate the regulation methods of high efficiency and high yield of nitrogen in drip irrigation wheat in Xinjiang under nitrogen reduction conditions by setting different nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer treatments, research the regulation effects on the post-flowering assimilates transport and grain filling characteristics of spring wheat under drip irrigation in the hope of providing scientific basis for the high yield and quality cultivation for drip irrigation spring wheat in Xinjiang.【Method】 The split-plot designs were adopted, nitrogen was taken as the main plot, and the variety as the subplot; in 2019, seven levels of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer application (N_CK, N₅, N₁₀, N₁₅, N₂₀, N₂₅ and N₀) were set to compare and analyze the changes of the post-flowering assimilate transport and grain filling characteristics of strong gluten wheat Xinchun 38 and medium gluten wheat Xinchun 49 under different nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer treatment conditions.【Result】 During the filling period, the dry matter (stems and leaves) after anthesis showed an upward trend and then a downward trend with the advance of the filling period, the peak appeared at 14 days after anthesis, and the dry matter of ear showed gradually increasing trend. With the increase of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application, the post-flowering dry matter accumulation, post-flowering dry matter transfer rate, post-flowering contribution rate, grain weight and grain filling parameters of the two varieties showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The indicators reached the optimal value at N₁₅ treatment, specifically expressed as N₁₅>N₂₀>N₂₅>N₁₀>N₅>N_CK>N₀, and the difference between different treatments was significant (P<0.05). The filling parameters were closely related to the grain weight. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the rapid accumulation duration (t₂-t₁), average filling rate (V_mean), maximum filling rate (V_max) and grain weight of the two varieties. Path analysis showed that the direct effect between the average filling rate and grain weight was the largest. The direct path coefficients of the two varieties were 1.034,7 and 0.957,3.Under N₁₅ treatment, Vmean increased by 1.92%-30.58% (Xinchun38) and 1.02%-27.93% (Xinchun 49) compared those with other treatments.【Conclusion】 Under the treatment of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application, the dry matter accumulation, post-flower transport rate and contribution rate of N₁₅ treatment (85% N 15% organic fertilizer) are the highest, and the grain weight is the highest under this treatment, and the related grouting parameters are the best, that is, N₁₅ treatment is the optimal proportion combination in this experiment.

Key words: drip irrigation spring wheat; nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application; post-flowering assimilation transport; filling characteristics; grain weight

中图分类号:

S512

欧阳雪莹, 罗玉琴, 蒋桂英. 减氮配施有机肥对滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2021, 58(6): 987-997.

OUYANG Xueying, LUO Yuqin, JIANG Guiying. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction and Organic Fertilizer Application on the Assimilation Transport and Grain Filling Characteristics after Anthesis of Drip Irrigation Spring Wheat in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 58(6): 987-997.

参考文献 30

[1]	朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):259-273.ZHU Zhaoliang,JIN Jiyun.Fertilizer use and food security in China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2013,19(2):259-273.
[2]	Chen X P,Cui Z L,Fan M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[3]	Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,(327):1008-1010.
[4]	孙桂兰,冯克云,赵欣欣,等.有机肥替代化肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2020,57(4):762-769.SUN Guilan,FENG Keyun,ZHAO Xinxin et al.Effects of Organic Manure Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Cotton Growth,Development and Yield[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2020,57(4):762-769.
[5]	Mullen R W,Freeman K W,Raun W L,et a1.Identifying an in-season response index and the potential to increase wheat yield with nitrogen[J].Agronomy Journal, 2003,95(2):347-351.
[6]	张胜全,方保停,张英华,等.冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成[J].作物学报,2009,(11):2045-2054.ZHANG Shengquan,FANG Baoting,ZHANG Yinghua,et al.Utilization of Water and Nitrogen and Yield Formation under Three Limited Irrigation Schedules in Winter Wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,(11):2045-2054.
[7]	Ferrise R,Triossi A,Stratonovitch P,et al.Sowing date and nitrogen fertilization effects on dry matter and nitrogen dynamics for durum wheat:An experimental and simulation study[J].Field Crops Research,2010,117(2-3):245-257.
[8]	赵化田,王瑞芳,许云峰,等.小麦苗期耐低氮基因型的筛选与评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1199-1204.ZHAO Huatian,WANG Ruifang,XU Yunfeng,et al.Screening and evaluating low nitrogen tolerant wheat genotype at seedling stage[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1199-1204.
[9]	Asseng S,van Herwaarden A F.Analysis of the benefits to wheat yield from assimilates stored prior to grain filling in a range of environments[J].Plant Soil, 2003,256:217-219.
[10]	吴晓丽,汤永禄,李朝苏,等.四川盆地小麦籽粒的灌浆特性[J].作物学报,2014,40(2):337-345.WU Xiaoli,TANG Yonglu,LI Chaosu,et al.Characteristics of Grain Filling in Wheat Growing in Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014,40(2):337-345.
[11]	Wu X L,Tang Y L,Li C S,et al.Characterization of the rate and duration of grain filling in wheat in southwestern China[J].Plant Production Science,2018,21(4):358-369.
[12]	吴少辉,高海涛,张学品,等.播期对不同习性小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(4):105-107.WU Shaohui,GAO Haitao,ZHANG Xueping,et al.Effect of Sowing Date on Grain Filling Characters in Different Wheat Varieties[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2004,24(4):105-107.
[13]	Motzo R,Giunta F,Pruneddu G.The response of rate and duration of grain filling to long-term selection for yield in Italian durum wheats[J].Crop Pasture Science, 2010,61:162-169.
[14]	史力超,朱云,翟勇,等.施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):844-849.SHI Lichao,ZHU Yun,ZHAI Yong,et al.Effect of Nitrogen Applicaton on On Dray Matter Accumulation,Translocation and yield of Drip Irrigation Spring Wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(6):844-849.
[15]	胡梦芸,张正斌,徐萍,等.亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究[J].作物学报,2007,(11):1884-1891.HU Mengyun,ZHANG Zhengbing,XU Ping,et al.Relationship of Water Use Efficiency with Photoassimilate Accumulation and Transport in Wheat under Deficit Irrigation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2007,(11):1884-1891.
[16]	殷文,冯福学,赵财,等.小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(5):751-757.YIN Wen,FENG Fuxue,ZHAO Cai,et al.Effects of Wheat Straw Returning Patterns on Characteristics of Dry MatterAccumulation,Distribution and Yield of Rotation Maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(5):751-757.
[17]	Bogard M,Allard V,Brancourt-Hulmel M,et al.Deviation from the grain protein concentration-grain yield negative relationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2010,61(5):4303-4312.
[18]	Fuertes-Mendizábal T,Setién I,Estavillo J M,Bego a González-Moro M.Late nitrogen fertilization affects carbohydrate mobilization in wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2010,173(6):907-919.
[19]	汪军,王德建,张刚.太湖地区稻麦轮作体系下秸秆还田配施氮肥对水稻产量及经济效益的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):265-270.WANG Jun,WANG Dejian,ZHANG Gang.Effects of different N-fertilizer rates with straw incorporation on rice yield and economic benefit of rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(2):265-270.
[20]	Slimane R B,Bancal P,Bancal M O.Down-regulation by stems and sheaths of grain filling with mobilized nitrogen in wheat[J].Field Crops Research, 2013,140:59-68.
[21]	Tian hui,Fu J,Drijber R A,et al.Expression patterns of five genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with high and low nitrogen utilization efficiencies[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2015,61:48-54.
[22]	李帅,黄玉芳,安志超,等.栽培模式对冬小麦花后干物质和氮素累积及转运的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(5):687-693.LI Shuai,HUANG Yufang,AN Zhichao,et al.Effect of Different Cultivate Modern Modes on Accumulatn and Andrst Transactiton of Dry Matter and Nitrogen after Anthesis of Winter Wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2017,37(5):687-693.
[23]	兰涛.小麦籽粒品质形成的基因型与生态效应研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2005.LAN Tao.Genotypic and Ecological Effects on Grain Quality Formation in Winter Wheat [D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2005.
[24]	苗永杰,阎俊,赵德辉,等.黄淮麦区小麦主栽品种粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系[J].作物学报,2018,44(2):260-267.MIAO Yongjie,YAN Jun,ZHAO Dehui,et al.Relationship between Grain Filling Parameters and Grain Weight in Leading[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018,44(2):260-267.
[25]	Motzo R,Giunta F,Pruneddu G.The response of rate and duration of grain filling to long-term selection for yield in Italian durum wheats[J].Crop &Pasture Science, 2010,61(2):162-169.
[26]	Wiegand C L,Cuellar J A.Duration of Grain Filling and Kernel Weight of Wheat as Affected by Temparature1[J].Crop Science,1981,21(1):95-101.
[27]	李紫燕,李世清,伍维模,等.氮肥对半湿润区不同基因型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,(1):75-79.LI Ziyan,LI Shiqing,WU Weimo,et al.Grain-filling characters of different genotype winter wheat under nitrogen fertilization in semi-humid area of south Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006,(1):75-79.
[28]	韩占江,郜庆炉,吴玉娥,等.小麦籽粒灌浆参数变异及与粒重的相关性分析[J].种子,2008,(6):27-30.HAN Zhanjiang,GAO Qinglu,WU Yue,et al.Variation of Parameters of Grain Filling and Correlation Analysis with Grain Weight in Wheat[J].Seed,2008,(6):27-30.
[29]	王瑞霞,张秀英,伍玲,等.不同生态环境条件下小麦籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重 QTL 分析[J].作物学报,2008,34(10):1750-1756.WANG Ruixia,ZHANG Xiuying,WU Ling,et al.QTL Mapping for Grain Filling Rate and Thousand-Grain Weight in Different Ecological Environments in Wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(10):1750-1756.
[30]	李文阳,尹燕枰,闫素辉,等.不同粒型小麦品种籽粒内源激素变化与籽粒灌浆特征的比较[J].华北农学报,2007,(1):5-8.LI Wenyang,YIN Yanfang,YAN Suhui,et al.Hormonal Changes in Relation to Filling Characters in Developing Grains of Two Wheat Cultivars Differing in Grain Size[J].Journal of North China Agriculture, 2007,(1):5-8.